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ESTERIFICATION. H. H. H. H. O. H O. OH. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. O. THE DOTTED WHITE LINE SHOWS WHERE THE NEW BOND FORMS. C. C. C. C. C. PROPANOIC ACID. ETHANOL. O. C. C. C. C. C. +. HO H. ESTER LINKAGE. ACID PART.
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ESTERIFICATION H H H H O H O OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O THE DOTTED WHITE LINE SHOWS WHERE THE NEW BOND FORMS C C C C C PROPANOIC ACID ETHANOL O C C C C C + HOH ESTER LINKAGE ACID PART ALCOHOL PART ALCOHOL PART ACID PART ETHYL PROPIONATE
ADDITION (ALKENE) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Br H H H Br Br H H H Br 2-BUTENE (CNH2N) BROMINE REMEMBER EACH C HAS 4 BONDS, EACH H ONLY 1, EACH HALOGEN ONLY 1 + Br2 C C C C ! 2,3 DIBRIMO BUTANE SAME AS C C C C C C C C ! 2,3 DIBRIMO BUTANE, THESE STRUCTURES ARE NOT ISOMERS, THEY ARE THE SAME, THE SINGLE BOND ROTATES.
ADDITION (ALKYNE) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Br H H H Br Br Br 2-BUTYNE(CNH2N-2) BROMINE + Br2 C C C C THE CIS AND TRANS ISOMERS ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE, THERE IS NO ROTATION OF DOUBLE BONDS 2,3 DIBRIMO BUTANE C C C C C C C C CIS ISOMER TRANS ISOMER
SUBSTITUTION (ALKANE) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Br H H H Br H H H H H BUTANE(CNH2N+2) BROMINE + Br2 C C C C REMEMBER A MIXTURE OF ISOMERS MAY BE OBTAINED IN SUBSTITUTION. 3 BROMO BUTANE 1 BROMO BUTANE ! C C C C C C C C