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Chapter1: Introduction

Chapter1: Introduction. One of book goals: Learn enough about basic principles to understand what happens when you use software tools A digital designer must be competent in: Debugging  good troubleshooter Planning Systematic approach Patience Logic (work by elimination)

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Chapter1: Introduction

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  1. Chapter1: Introduction • One of book goals: • Learn enough about basic principles to understand what happens when you use software tools • A digital designer must be competent in: • Debugging good troubleshooter • Planning • Systematic approach • Patience • Logic (work by elimination) • Business requirements and practices • Documentation standards • Component availability • Target specifications • Scheduling • Good communications skills Transmit and Receive

  2. Amplitude 1 Analog signal: Values  Reals 0 Time Time Amplitude Digital signal: Values  {0,1} Analog versus Digital • Two basic ways of representing information: • Analog: Take values across a continuous range (voltage, current) • Digital: Take only values from a discrete set • Decimal: {0,1,…,9}, Binary: {0,1} or {T,F} or {Low, High} • Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters

  3. Digital Revolution • Digital Revolution • Cameras: A picture is stored as an array of pixels. A pixel stores the intensities of RGB components as 8 bits each. (JPEG compression digital storage and processing) • Video Recording: Digital Versatile Disk, DVD, (MPEG2) • Audio Recording: Digital Compact Disk, CD • Telephone system: Digital transmission between central offices, cellular systems • Traffic lights: from electromechanical timers to controllers to maximize vehicle throughput • Movie effects: computer synthesis instead of tricks & miniatures

  4. Reasons for Digital Revolution • Reproducibility of results • Digital circuit: same inputs  same outputs • Analog circuit: the output depends on temperature, power-supply voltage, component aging, … • Ease of design • No need for special math skills, just logic • Flexibility and functionality • Programmability • Hardware descriptive languages, HDLs • Speed • A transistor can switch in less than 10 ps • A circuit can produce an output in 1 ns  1 Billion results/s

  5. Reasons for Digital Revolution • Economy • Commonly used circuits can be integrated into chips and mass-produced at low cost and used in different products such as calculators, digital watches, … • Steadily advancing technology • Digital designers try to accommodate advances in technology while designing. An example is expansion memory slots in a computer

  6. Central Processing Unit Instructions, data Memory System (storage) input addresses output data clock Design Tradeoffs for Digital Systems • Digital Computer • Typically designed to maximize performance: “Optimized for speed” • Pocket Calculator • Typically designed to minimize cost: “Optimized for cost” • Tradeoff with speed • Portable Computer • Designed to minimize power: “Optimized for power” • Low power comes at the expense of lower speed and higher cost (e.g. desktop vs. notebook)

  7. Next Lecture and Reminders • Next lecture • Number Systems and Codes • Reminders

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