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FC.106 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT

FC.106 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT. Liberalism : belief in social & political equality. Napoleon overestimates his power  Disastrous wars in Spain (1808) & Rus. (1812). Coalition of European powers overthrows Napoleon by 1815. Nap. inadvertently spreads rev. ideas:.

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FC.106 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT

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  1. FC.106 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Napoleon overestimates his power Disastrous wars in Spain (1808) & Rus. (1812) Coalition of European powers overthrows Napoleon by 1815 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Nationalism: belief in each nation’s rights & freedom French want more stability Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes (FC.105) (FC.105) (FC.106A) (FC.106A) (FC.106B) (FC.106B) Subject peoples also want nat’lism & liberalism (FC.108) Other rulers (e.g., Prussia) adopt Fr. mil. reforms (FC.107) Allies meet at Congress of Vienna (1815) to restore old order, but, thanks to Napoleon, Liberalism & Nationalism continue to spread in new waves of rev. from 1815-48 (FC.108) Industrial Rev. (FC.117) Industrial Rev. (FC.117) Eur. colon. emp’s expand across globe by 1900  They spread ideas of Liberalism & Nationalism along with indus. tech’s (FC.122) WWII weakens Eur. powers Colon. subjects use these ideas & tech. to win indep. (FC.136)

  2. Promotions by merit in the army German people & intellectuals more prone to fall victims to groups who misused these ideas for their own purposes Influenced ideas on modern public education Severe penalties imposed on Prussia Indemnities equal to 140% of Prussia’s revenues before it lost 1/2 its lands Lost nearly half its lands Army cut to 42,000 men Influenced ideas on the modern welfare state Prussia realizes need to reform in order to fight France These, along with Bismarck's later reforms supposedly benefiting factory workers Germans prone to accept w/o question the rule of a govt. they saw as benevolent Give peasants 2/3 land they had worked These traditions should be taught in public schools End serfdom & feudal privileges Educ. reforms influenced by ideas of Johannes Fichte: Glorify ancient Ger. tribes to create national traditions Made intellectuals active in schools, but also made them subordinate to interests of nation & prone to affirm ideas w/ absolute conviction rather than question them Govt. reforms from above to prevent rev. from below FC.107 PRUSSIAN REFORMS IN THE NAPOLEONIC ERA AND THEIR IMPACT Napoleon’s defeat of Prussia in 1807 (FC.106B) Rise of Hitler & the Nazis (FC.134 World War II (FC.136)

  3. Authorities think Rev ideas are crushed, but they gradually keep spreading Serfdom ended in Haps. Emp. Spread idea of liberalism, esp. in W & Cent Eur. 1820: Rev’s start in Spain & spread to Greece, S. Am., Italy, & Ger  Const. Mon. in Greece Other rev’s put down Republics in S. America 1830: Rev’s start in France & spread to Poland. Belgium, Italy, & Ger  More democ C. Mon. in Fr More liberal reforms in Br Belgium wins indep. 2nd Fr Empire replaces Rep. Weak Const. Mon. in Pr. Polish kgd. revived, but under Russian rule New rev’s erupt Most, but not all are quelled Some gains despite failure of most rev’s: Some reforms in Britain, Hapsburg Emp & Prussia Independence & cons. mon’s in Greece, Belg., & S. Am. Reformers set more realistic goals & strategies Victorious allies meet at Congress of Vienna in 1815 & try to restore the old order, but there are changes: Const., not absolute, Mon. est. in France Dutch take over Aus. Neth’s (Belgium) Spread idea of Nat’lism, esp. in E & Cent Eur. 1848: Feb Rev in Fr  50 rev’s in Eur  All eventually crushed, but  FC.108 REVOLUTION & REACTION IN EUROPE (1815-48) Napoleon finally defeated at Waterloo & sent into exile in 1815 (FC.105B) Unification of Italy & Germany (FC.119)

  4. Europeans encourage 1 product economies US sees W. Hemisphere as its sphere of influence Chile (1973) Too dependant on foreign mkts Spanish bureaucrats leave during revolutions Only military left to run gov’s Unstable economiesUnstable military dictatorships Military coups & revolutions Direct intervention by US Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Panama: 1903-18; 1989 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933; 1961 Dominican Rep: 1916-24;1965-66 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898-now Guatemala: 1954 Nicaragua: 1912-33;1981-87 Grenada: 1983 FC.108A THE VICIOUS CYCLE AFFECTING LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS Latin Amer. Colonies gain independence (FC.108)

  5. PARIS 1m. Major cities c.1800

  6. European Railroads up to 1820

  7. London (c.1250)

  8. Paris (c.1740)

  9. Chicago, 1820

  10. Chicago, 1880

  11. Portable Storage Space 1981-2006 2006 2005 2002 1998 1993 1990 1988 1981 Class of 2008 born 5.25” floppy 256K

  12. Portable Storage Space 1981-2006 2006 2005 2002 1998 1993 1990 1988 1981 Class of 2008 born 3.5” floppy 1.4 MB 5.25” floppy 256K

  13. Portable Storage Space 1981-2006 2006 2005 2002 1998 1993 1990 1988 1981 ZIP Disk 100 MB Class of 2008 born 3.5” floppy 1.4 MB 5.25” floppy 256K

  14. Portable Storage Space 1981-2006 2006 2005 2002 1998 1993 1992 1988 1981 ZIP Disk 250 MB ZIP Disk 100 MB Class of 2010 born 3.5” floppy 1.4 MB 5.25” floppy 256K

  15. Portable Storage Space 1981-2006 2006 2005 2002 1998 1993 1992 1988 1981 Portable external hard drive 30 GB ZIP Disk 250 MB ZIP Disk 100 MB Class of 2010 born 3.5” floppy 1.4 MB 5.25” floppy 256K

  16. Portable Storage Space 1981-2006 2006 2005 2002 1998 1993 1992 1988 1981 Portable external hard drive 80 GB Portable external hard drive 30 GB ZIP Disk 250 MB ZIP Disk 100 MB Class of 2010 born 3.5” floppy 1.4 MB 5.25” floppy 256K

  17. Portable Storage Space 1981-2006 2008 2005 2002 1998 1993 1992 1988 1981 Portable external hard drive 120 GB Portable external hard drive 80 GB Portable external hard drive 30 GB ZIP Disk 250 MB ZIP Disk 100 MB Class of 2010 born 3.5” floppy 1.4 MB 5.25” floppy 256K

  18. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production No fallow  % land used goes from 67  100% Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Crop rotation Keeps land fertile Can use less fertile lands Vastly expanded potential for food prod. Peasants can afford feed for livestock More meat & protein in commoners’ diet Requires large tracts of land to practice Enclosure Movement to enclose large tracts of land Many peasants must leave their lands to move to cities for homes & jobs Dramatic population growth as agric. prod. grows by as much as 2X Affects Br’s population in 2 ways: Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97) Labor supply for Britain’s textile mills (FC.111)

  19. Europe’s agricultural and textile economy (c.1700)

  20. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  21. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow Problem with plow teams?fields into New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  22. All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow Peasants must share plow teams Arrangement of fields? strips so everyone gets some land plowed FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  23. All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Spring Winter Fallow Yr1 Yr 2 Fallow Spring Winter Winter Fallow Spring Yr3 Spring Winter Fallow Yr4 Winter crop = grain (e.g., wheat) Spring crop = Legume (e.g., peas)

  24. Rosa Bonheur (1822-99), Plowing in Nivernais, 1848.

  25. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow Impact on willingness to change agr. techniques? New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  26. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow All must agree on any changes in Agr Tech’s No changeImpact on agric. Production? Impact on agric. Production? New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  27. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  28. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  29. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Most land needed for? New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  30. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people Impact on raising livestock? Impact on raising livestock? New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  31. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Supply of fertilizer for crops? New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  32. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  33. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63)

  34. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle AgesRise of what class that has what? Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64)

  35. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64)

  36. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

  37. Jethro Tull’s seed drill, invented in 1731 although not widely used for nearly a century, planted seeds in even rows, which allowed hoeing and aeration of the soil between the plants.

  38. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Crop rotation Keeps land fertile No fallow % land used? Can use less fertile lands Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population New Agricultural system? New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

  39. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production 3-field system Crop rotation Keeps land fertile No fallow % land used? Can use less fertile lands Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population 4-Field system - Yield to seed ratio rose from 4 or 5:1-> 10:1 New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

  40. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock No fallow % land used? Can use less fertile lands Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Crop rotation Keeps land fertile Crop rotation Advantage? 4-Field system - Yield to seed ratio rose from 4 or 5:1-> 10:1 New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

  41. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system What lands can be used? Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock What lands can be used? Can use less fertile lands Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population No fallow % land used? Crop rotation Keeps land fertile 4-Field system - Yield to seed ratio rose from 4 or 5:1-> 10:1 New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

  42. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system How much is needed for fallow land? Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock How much is needed for fallow land? Can use less fertile lands Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population No fallow % land used? Crop rotation Keeps land fertile 4-Field system - Yield to seed ratio rose from 4 or 5:1-> 10:1 New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

  43. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock No fallow % land used? Can use less fertile lands Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Crop rotation Keeps land fertile How much more land is used? 4-Field system - Yield to seed ratio rose from 4 or 5:1-> 10:1 New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

  44. FC.109 AGRICULTURAL BACKGROUND TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION All must agree on any changes in AgrTech’s No change Stagnant agric. production Crop rotation Keeps land fertile Peasants must share plow teams Divide fields into strips so everyone gets some land plowed 4-field system using turnips, barley, wheat (or some variant), & clover (to replenish soil) Several advantages: Heavy plow 3-field system Most land needed for grain crops just to feed people  Little land available for supporting livestock Little manure Virtually no fertilizer for crops stagnant agric. production Can use less fertile lands Vastly expanded potential for food prod. Peasants can afford feed for livestock Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population Need a better way to feed & expand Britain’s population No fallow  % land used goes from 67  100% Peasants can afford? 4-Field system - Yield to seed ratio rose from 4 or 5:1-> 10:1 New agricultural techniques & technology  Virtual revolution in medieval agriculture (FC.63) Rise of towns in High Middle Ages Rise of middle class with money to invest (FC.64) Enlightenment Scient. advances (FC.97)

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