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Introduction to TCP/IP Protocol: Basics, Concepts, and Port Numbers

Learn about the fundamentals of TCP/IP protocol, including network theory, common ports, and protocols. Explore TCP and UDP, network security, and the history of TCP/IP.

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Introduction to TCP/IP Protocol: Basics, Concepts, and Port Numbers

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  1. Click to edit Master subtitle style Chapter 6: Introduction to the IP Protocol

  2. Chapter 6 Objectives The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives Are Covered in This Chapter: • 5.2 Explain the basics of network theory and concepts • • TCP/IP suite • o ICMP • o UDP • o TCP • 5.9 Compare and contrast the following ports and protocols • • 80 HTTP • • 443 HTTPS • • 137-139 Netbios • • 110 POP • • 143 IMAP • • 25 SMTP • • 5060/5061 SIP • • 2427/2727 MGCP • • 5004/5005 RTP • • 1720 H.323 • • TCP • o Connection-oriented • • UDP • o Connectionless 2

  3. Chapter 6 Objectives (cont.) • 5.10 Given a scenario, configure and apply the appropriate ports and protocols • • 20,21 FTP • • 161 SNMP • • 22 SSH • • 23 Telnet • • 53 DNS • • 67,68 DHCP • • 69 TFTP • • 445 SMB • • 3389 RDP • 3.0 Network security • 3.2 Compare and contrast common network vulnerabilities and threats • Vulnerabilities • o Unsecure protocols • TELNET • HTTP • SLIP • FTP • TFTP • SNMPv1 and SNMPv2 3

  4. Chapter 6 Objectives (cont.) • 3.3 Given a scenario, implement network hardening techniques • • Use secure protocols • o SSH • o SNMPv3 • o TLS/SSL • o SFTP • o HTTPS 4

  5. What is TCP/IP? • Because TCP/IP is so central to working with the Internet and intranets, it’s essential for you to understand it in detail. • TCP/IP first came on the scene in 1973. Later, in 1978, it was divided into two distinct protocols: TCP and IP. • Then, back in 1983, TCP/IP replaced the Network Control Protocol (NCP) and was authorized as the official means of data transport for anything connecting to ARPAnet, the Internet’s ancestor that was created by ARPA, the DoD’s Advanced Research Projects Agency way back in 1957 in reaction to the Soviet’s launching of Sputnik. • ARPA was soon re-dubbed DARPA, and it was divided into ARPAnet and MILNET (also in 1983); both were finally dissolved in 1990. 5

  6. TCP/IP History • Most of the development work on TCP/IP happened at UC Berkeley in Northern California, where a group of scientists were simultaneously working on the Berkeley version of UNIX, which soon became known as the BSD, or Berkeley Software Distribution series of UNIX versions. • Of course, because TCP/IP worked so well, it was packaged into subsequent releases of BSD UNIX and offered to other universities and institutions if they bought the distribution tape. • All of this led to the DoD model…. 6

  7. DoD Model The DoD model is basically a condensed version of the OSI model—it’s composed of four, instead of seven, layers: • Process/Application layer • Host-to-Host layer • Internet layer • Network Access layer • The figure on the next slide shows a comparison of the DoD model and the OSI reference model. As you can see, the two are similar in concept, but each has a different number of layers with different names. • However, the DoD and OSI are so similar that the layer names are actually interchangeable. 7

  8. DoD Model DoD Model OSI Model Process/Application Application Presentation Session Host-to-Host Transport Internet Network NetworkAccess Data Link Physical 8

  9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite DoD Model Process/Application Telnet FTP LPD SNMP TFTP SMTP NFS X Window TCP UDP Host-to-Host RARP ARP ICMP Internet IP Ethernet NetworkAccess FastEthernet Gigabit Ethernet Wireless/802.11 9

  10. TCP/IP Protocols (cont) • Telnet - 23 • FTP - 20,21 • SFTP - 22 • TFTP - 69 • SMTP - 25 • POP - 110 • IMAP4 - 143 • RDP – 3389 • TLS/SSL – 995/465 • SIP (VOIP) – 5060/5061 • RTP – 5004/5005 • SNMP - 161 • SSH - 22 10

  11. TCP/IP Protocols • HTTP - 80 • HTTPS - 443 • NTP - 123 • LDAP - 389 • IGMP - network layer (no port number) • NetBIOS - 137-139 • SMB - 445 • DNS - 53 • DHCP – 67/68 11

  12. DHCP Client four-step process Client BroadcastDHCPDiscover Server UnicastDHCPOffer Client BroadcastDHCPRequest Server UnicastDHCPACK 12 “DORA”

  13. Host-to-Host Layer Protocol • Two protocols at this layer • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 13

  14. TCP Segment Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Bit 0 Source Port (16) Destination Port (16) Sequence Number (32) 24 bytes Acknowledgement Number (32) Reserved (6) Window (16) HeaderLength (4) Code bits (6) Checksum (16) Urgent (16) Options (0 or 32 if any) Data (varies) 14

  15. UDP Segment Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Bit 0 Source Port (16) Destination Port (16) Length (16) Checksum (16) 6 Bytes Data 15

  16. TCP and UDP 16

  17. Chapter 6 Port numbers for TCP and UDPFigure 6.6 News DNS TFTP POP3 FTP Telnet Doom Applicationlayer Port numbers 53 23 69 666 119 21 110 UDP TCP Transportlayer

  18. Port Number Examples 18

  19. IP Header Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Bit 0 HeaderLength (4) Version(4) Priority andType of Service (8) Total length (16) Identification (16) Flags(3) Fragmented offset (13) Time to Live (8) Protocol (8) Header Checksum (16) 20 bytes Source IP Address (32) Destination IP address (32) Options (0 or 32 if any) Data (varies if any) 19

  20. ICMP Example e0 on Lab_B is down. Host A is trying to communicate to Host B. What happens? Lab_B Lab_A e0 e0 icmp X Host B Host A 20

  21. ARP Example I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address. I need the Ethernetaddress of 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 IP: 10.1.1.2 = ??? IP: 10.1.1.2Ethernet: 45:23:79:85:77:34 21

  22. RARP Example What’s my IPaddress? I heard that broadcast.Your IP addressis 192.168.10.3 Ethernet: 45:23:79:85:77:34 IP = ?? Ethernet: 45:23:79:85:77:34 IP: 192.168.10.3 22

  23. Data Encapsulation PDU Application Presentation Upper layer data Session TCP Header Upper layer data Transport Segment Network Segment IP Header Packet Packet FCS LLC Header Data Link Frame Packet MAC Header FCS 0101110101001000010 Physical Bits 23

  24. Protocol Data Units Data SourcePort DestinationPort … Segment Source IP Protocol … Segment DestinationIP Packet DestinationMAC SourceMAC Ether-Field Packet FCS Frame Bits 1011011100011110000 24

  25. Port Numbers at the Transport Layer … SourcePort DestinationPort Host Z Host A DP SP 1028 23 … Defines upper layerprocess or application Defines Virtual Circuit 25

  26. Summary • Summary • Exam Essentials Section • Written Labs • Review Questions 26

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