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Grade 10 Science

Grade 10 Science. Review. Exam Format. Multiple Choice 35 marks Matching 20 marks Short Response 25 marks Extended Response/ 30 marks Problems 110 marks total No KTCA weighting – all marks are considered equal. Chemistry. Chemical Reactions. Atoms. atomic structure

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Grade 10 Science

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  1. Grade 10 Science Review

  2. Exam Format Multiple Choice 35 marks Matching 20 marks Short Response 25 marks Extended Response/ 30 marks Problems 110 marks total No KTCA weighting – all marks are considered equal

  3. Chemistry Chemical Reactions

  4. Atoms • atomic structure • protons, electrons, neutrons • representing atoms: • Bohr-Rutherford diagrams • Lewis dot diagrams

  5. Ions • atoms that have become charged • lose electrons  cation (+) • gain electrons  anion (-) • atoms form ions to achieve a stable octet

  6. Ionic Compounds • formed when valence electrons are transferred • metal to non-metal • charged ions stick together (+/- attraction) • form electrolytic solutions when dissolved Example: calcium + fluorine  calcium fluoride

  7. Molecular Compounds • formed when valence electrons are shared • two or more non-metals (never a metal!) • non-electrolytic solutions Example: carbon dioxide, CO2

  8. Naming/Formulas for Ionic Compounds • cross charges to determine subscripts • reduce subscripts to lowest terms • simple binary sodium oxide Na2O • multivalent metals copper (II) fluoride CuF2 • polyatomic ions ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S magnesium carbonate MgCO3 (reduced!)

  9. Naming/Formulas for Molecular Compounds • use Greek prefixes for naming: mono 1 tetra 4 di 2 penta 5 tri 3 hexa 6 • don’t reduce subscripts!! • diphosphoruspentachloride P2Cl5 • carbon tetrachloride CCl4

  10. Chemical Equations reactants ----> products Example: lithium + oxygen -----> lithium oxide reactants product

  11. Balancing Equations • Law of Conservation of Mass: • “What goes in, must come out” • all reactant atoms must be present in the products _2__H2O2 ----> __2_H2O + ____O2 ___ CaSO4+ _2_ Li ---> ___ Li2SO4+ ___ Ca

  12. Classifying Reactions • synthesis A + B  AB • decomposition AB  A + B • single displacement AB + C  CB + A • stronger metals displace weaker metals; stronger non-metals displace weaker non-metals • use the activity series to predict • single displacement AB + CD  AD + CB

  13. Acids and Bases

  14. pH scale • “power of Hydrogen” • scale: 0 to 14 • each point: • 10x difference in H+ concentration • lower pH = more H+ = more acidic

  15. Neutralization • a special type of double displacement reaction Acid + Base ----> Water + Ionic Compound H2SO4+ Mg(OH)2 ----> 2 H2O + MgSO4

  16. Biology Cells, Tissues, and Systems

  17. Cell Parts • Organelles inside cells perform specialized functions • important organelles • cell membrane • nucleus • mitochondria • ribosomes • chloroplasts (P) • cell wall (P)

  18. DNA • the genetic information of the cell • stored in nucleus • thousands of genescontain instructions for making proteins • humans: packaged into 46 chromosomes • two sets of 23 – one set from each parent

  19. The Cell Cycle • interphase: growth, preparation for division, DNA copies itself • cell division: • mitosis – nucleus divides • cytokinesis – cytoplasm divides

  20. Cell Division • reasons: • reproduction (for unicellular organisms) • growth (for multicellular organisms) • repair • mitosis + cytokinesis • signals tell cells when to divide • cells must pass checkpoints

  21. + cytokinesis

  22. Cell Specialization unspecialized cell meristem (P) stem cell (A) differentiation specialized cell eg. epidermal cell eg. epithelial cell

  23. Plant Tissues • Three types: • dermal • vascular • ground

  24. Plant Organ Systems & Organs • Root System • root(s) • Shoot System • leaf • stem • flower • fruit

  25. Transport in Plants • xylem – transports water from the roots • transpiration pulls water to the tops of leaves • root pressure pushes water up, from the roots • special properties of water: cohesion and adhesion • phloem – transports sugars from the leaves

  26. Leaf Structure • Leaf = Primary site of photosynthesis CO2+ H2O + light energy glucose + O2

  27. Structure and Function: Plants • root hairs • leaf layers • leaf shape

  28. Animal Tissues • Four types: • epithelial • nerve • connective • muscle (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

  29. Animal Organ Systems • Three major systems we looked at: • digestive • circulatory • respiratory

  30. Digestive System • digestion, followed by absorption • mechanical vs. chemical digestion • absorption into bloodstream (small intestine) • long continuous tract

  31. Digestive tract • mouth – Mechanical and Chemical digestion • esophagus • stomach – Mechanical and Chemical digestion • small intestine – Chemical digestion; Nutrient Absorption • large intestine – Water Absorption

  32. Circulatory System • blood • connective tissue • plasma + cells (RBC, WBC, platelets) • blood vessels • arteries • veins • capillaries • heart • four muscular chambers • cardiac muscle

  33. Blood vessels • different thicknesses and diameters • valves in veins

  34. Respiratory System • breathing (inhalation/exhalation) through nose or mouth • branching tract: • nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli • tract ends in alveoli • folded air sacs • O2 enters blood, CO2 leaves

  35. Cellular Respiration glucose + O2  CO2+ H2O + energy • cellular respiration – occurs in mitochondria of all cells • releases energy from nutrients (sugar) • role of body systems: • digestive system – absorbs glucose • respiratory system – breathes in oxygen • circulatory system – transports glucose/O2 to cells

  36. Structure and Function • digestive system • villi and microvilli in small intestine • respiratory system • alveoli • circulatory system • structure of blood vessels (arteries, veins)

  37. Physics Geometric Optics

  38. Ray tracing Materials: • Transparent – Transmit most light • Translucent – Transmit some light, Reflect/Absorb some • Opaque – Transmit no light, Reflect/Absorb all

  39. Law of Reflection

  40. Plane mirrors Light rays appear to originate at a point behind the mirror. • L: behind mirror, same distance • O: upright • S: same size • T: virtual

  41. Concave Mirrors • parallel light rays converge at the focal point • image characteristics vary, depending on object distance

  42. Convex Mirrors • parallel light rays diverge • appear to meetat the focal point image characteristics are always the same: • L: behind mirror • O: Upright • S: smaller • T: virtual

  43. Mirror and Magnification Equations + value: image forms in front of mirror (real) - value: image forms behind mirror (virtual) + value: image is upright (virtual) - value: image is inverted (real)

  44. Refraction • bending of light • happens when light changes speed • slows down: bends towards normal • speeds up: bends away from normal

  45. Index of Refraction • larger n = dense medium • light travels slower • bends towards normal c = 3.00 x 108 m/s (always provided)

  46. Optical Phenomena • dispersion • apparent depth • shimmering/mirages

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