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Chapter 4 Drilling Engineering _ Drilling Operations

Chapter 4 Drilling Engineering _ Drilling Operations. 石油鑽探工程. 探井的鑽鑿是油氣測勘工作的最後階段，它將證實地質人員所作的地下構造及地質解釋是否正確，是否有石油或天然氣。 另外，在己證實含有石油或天然氣的礦區裡，為了加速開發也需要作鑽井活動。. 石油鑽探工程. 最早期的石油鑽探是根據地表的油氣徵兆，直接挖掘坑道以證實及開採石油。 後來，是根據地質調查及地球物理測勘結果，在判斷石油或天然氣的封閉或可能蘊藏處所之後，進行選擇井位以及鑽鑿探井等步驟。.

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Chapter 4 Drilling Engineering _ Drilling Operations

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  1. Chapter 4 Drilling Engineering _ Drilling Operations

  2. 石油鑽探工程 • 探井的鑽鑿是油氣測勘工作的最後階段，它將證實地質人員所作的地下構造及地質解釋是否正確，是否有石油或天然氣。 • 另外，在己證實含有石油或天然氣的礦區裡，為了加速開發也需要作鑽井活動。

  3. 石油鑽探工程 • 最早期的石油鑽探是根據地表的油氣徵兆，直接挖掘坑道以證實及開採石油。 • 後來，是根據地質調查及地球物理測勘結果，在判斷石油或天然氣的封閉或可能蘊藏處所之後，進行選擇井位以及鑽鑿探井等步驟。

  4. Geophysicists (地球物理師） 及 Exploration Geologists （探勘地質師）  定出井位 Landman 獲得適當的 Leases（合約）  石油公司將注意力集中於鑽井井位的選擇, 而進行鑽井（Drilling）

  5. 鑽井方法（Drilling techniques） 衝擊鑽（Percussion-drilling method） - Hammering drilling - Cable-tool drilling 旋轉鑽（Rotary-drilling method）

  6. Hammering drilling http://www.surechem.com.my/download/eijkelkamp/P1/P1-21e.pdf

  7. Cable tool drilling rig with clay cutter, 100 Kg sinker bar, Lister-Petter diesel & split legs. http://www.consallen.com/forager/cable-tool/cable-tool-drilling.htm

  8. Cable-tool drilling http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf

  9. Rotary-drilling http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf

  10. On Russia's Kola Peninsula, near the Norwegian border at about the same latitude as Prudhoe Bay, the Soviets have been drilling a well since 1970. It is now over 40,000 feet deep, making it the deepest hole on earth (the previous record holder was the Bertha Rogers well in Oklahoma--a gas well stopped at 32,000 feet when it struck molten sulfur). It is not oil or gas that is being sought with the Kola well, but an understanding of the nature of the earth's crust. The United States began a similar investigation, called Project Mohole, in 1961. This project, which was intended to penetrate the shallow crust under the Pacific Ocean off Mexico, was abandoned in 1966 because of lack of funding.

  11. Typical Drilling Rig Organization

  12. Classification of rotary drilling rigs

  13. Land – Mobile – Jacklife

  14. Land – Jackknife rig

  15. Land – Mobile – Portable mast

  16. Marine – Bottom support – Barge

  17. Marine – Bottom support – Jackup

  18. Classification of rotary drilling rigs

  19. Marine – Bottom support – Platform – tendered

  20. Marine – Bottom support – Platform – Self Contained

  21. Marine – Floating – Semi submersible

  22. Classification of rotary drilling rigs

  23. Marine – Floating -- Drillship

  24. Drilling Site

  25. Drilling Rig

  26. Drilling Rig

  27. 鑽機設備 (1).動力系統 ( Power System) -- 提供鑽井動力的來源。 (2).捲揚系統(Hoisting System) --提供捲揚、吊昇及下放各種鑽井機具之用。 (3).旋轉系統 (Rotating System) --提供旋轉轉盤以及鑽頭等而鑽進。 (4).循環系統 (Circulating System) --提供是將泥漿循環，將岩屑經環孔帶回地表。 (5).控制系統 (Well Control System) --提供控制各種安全開關以防止地層的流體意外的噴出地表。 (6) 監視系統 (Well Monitoring System)

  28. 圖-8 旋轉鑽機主要設備

  29. 動力系統 動力系統包括柴油機及發電機提供鑽井動力的來源。

  30. Rig Power System • Most rig power is consumed by （1）the hoisting system, （2）the fluid circulating system • Total power requirements for the most rigs are 1000 to 3000 hp D＜5000ft 2 engines （500~1000hp） D＞10000ft 3~4 engines （~3000hp） • Early drilling rigs — powered primarily by steam • Modern drilling rigs — powered by internal — combination diesel engines （1） diesel - electric type （2） direct - drive type

  31. 捲揚系統 捲揚系統包括: 井架、絞車、天車、遊車、大鉤等，以提供捲揚、吊昇及下放各種鑽井機具之用。

  32. Hoisting system The principal components of the hoisting system are • the derrick and substructure, • the block and tackle, and drilling line, and • the drawworks

  33. Hoisting system

  34. 圖-8 旋轉鑽機主要設備

  35. 旋轉系統 旋轉系統包括主要的轉盤、以及水龍頭、方鑽桿、鑽捍、鑽鋌、及鑽頭等。

  36. Rotary system The main parts of the rotary system are （1）swivel, （2）kelly, （3）rotary driver , （4）rotary table, （5）drillpipe, and （6）drill collars

  37. Rotary system

  38. Rotary system

  39. 循環系統 循環系統是將泥漿由泥漿槽經幫浦、由水龍頭、方鑽桿、鑽捍、鑽鋌、及鑽頭，將岩屑經環孔帶回地表。 泥漿的功能還包括冷卻鑽頭及保護井孔等多重功能。

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