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BIRDS

BIRDS. BIRD CLASSIFICATION:. Kingdom: Animalia. Phylum: Chordata. Subphylum : Vertebrate. Class: Birds (Aves). Over 9700 different species divided into 29 different orders. CHARACTERISICS OF BIRDS:. Feathers : (modified scales) Flight Insulation Made of keratin.

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BIRDS

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  1. BIRDS

  2. BIRD CLASSIFICATION: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrate Class: Birds (Aves) Over 9700 different species divided into 29 different orders.

  3. CHARACTERISICS OF BIRDS: Feathers: (modified scales) • Flight • Insulation • Made of keratin Four different types of feathers: • Down feathers: • Soft and Fluffy • Entire body of young • Adult: Lies closest to body for insulation Down feather

  4. Contour feathers: • Streamline shape • Bottom part similar to Down (insulation) • Coloration • Camouflage • Identifies species/sex Contour Feather

  5. Flight feathers:(modified Contour) • Wings & tail • Helps provide lift for flight

  6. Bristle feathers: • Located on Eyes, Nostrils & Around Face • Filter dirt • Similar to eyelashes/nose hair

  7. PARTS OF A FEATHER: Barbs:Many make up a vane Follicle: Tiny pit in skin where feathers develop Hooks Shaft or quill: Develops from follicle & runs up center of feather Hold barbules together Barbules:Have hooks on ends to hold barbs together Vanes: 2 vanes per feather on each side of shaft

  8. VANE

  9. (deep)

  10. Similar Structures…Amphibians…Reptiles…

  11. Preening:Use beak to spread oil from preening gland, helps repel water Preening Gland:Base of tail, contains oil Molting:Shed feathers (once a year)

  12. Skeletal System: • Light & Strong • Thin, hollow, air filled, & rigid bones • Humerus, radius, ulna, pectoral girdle, & sternum (keel) support wings • Many fused bones

  13. Muscular System: • Large filament muscles for strength • Flight muscles = 50% weight

  14. Metabolism: • Very fast metabolism • Temperature: 104-105º F • Rapid breathing • Generate heat to warm body internally • Need large quantities of food • Can’t go long periods of time w/o eating • Layer of fat for insulation • Endothermic metabolism:

  15. Digestive System: Passage of food: Mouth Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Two-part stomach Gizzard Small intestines Large Intestines (Caeca) Cloaca

  16. Esophagus Stomach Large Intestine

  17. Crop:Storage for food; where it’s moistened Proventriculus:First part of stomach; where digestion starts Gizzard:Helps kneed the food (eat pebbles to help crush food) Small Intestines:Where most food is digested, absorbed and broken down by enzymes and bile Large Intestines:(Caeca/um) Water absorbed, waste separated from nutrients Cloaca:Where everything comes together 45 MINUTES TO DIGEST & REMOVE!!!

  18. **Crop Has Been Removed

  19. Gizzard with Pebbles

  20. Lower Digestive System

  21. Excretory System: • Filters nitrogenous wastes from blood with kidney • Urine contains uric acid (white) • NO URINARY BLADDER=LIGHTER FOR FLIGHT

  22. Respiratory System: • Elaborate and highly efficient • Needs lots of oxygen continuously • High metabolic rate

  23. Passage of air: Pair of nostrils Located near base of beak Trachea Where air passes after entering nostrils Bronchi 2 bronchi, air goes in second; lead to air sacs Lungs 75% bypasses lungs Air Sacs 9 air sacs, extend from lungs; reduces density; stores air

  24. Esophagus TRACHEA

  25. Lung

  26. Circulatory System: • 4 Chambered Heart • 2-A • 2-V (THICK) A • Septum-Divides Ventricles…NO MIXING SEPTUM V Humming Bird – 600 times/minuteChickadee – 1000 times/minute

  27. Oxygenated blood (red) is pumped from the lungs to various parts of the body;Deoxygenated blood (blue)is returned for recycling.

  28. Nervous System: • Very Large Brains • Coordinated movement • Contains large optic lobes (very good color) • Wide field of vision • Excellent depth perception

  29. Reproduction: Males: • Sperm is produced in 2 testes • Sperm passes through small tubes called vasa deferntia into the phallus to the cloaca • Mating – male presses his cloaca to the female cloaca and releases sperm Retracted and Erect phallus of a male

  30. Females: • Single ovary on left side of body • Ovary releases eggs into oviduct where they’re fertilized • Fertilized eggs move down the oviduct where they receive a protective covering and shell • Egg passes out cloaca

  31. For most birds, copulation involves a “cloacal kiss”, with the male on the female's back & twisting his tail under the female's -Copulation typically lasts just a few seconds

  32. Oviparity: • Lay eggs in nest which conceals young from predators & provides shelter

  33. Parental Care: • Both parents incubate eggs by sitting on them • Feathered patch of skin (brood patch) for covering

  34. Migration: • When cold and food is scarce-fly south

  35. Diversity of the species: • Use beak, feet, plumage & DNA to classify

  36. Navigation: • Use stars & sun; earths magnetic field; changes in air pressure; low frequency sounds; topographical landmarks

  37. Feathers, Beaks, & Claws!!!

  38. Off to Lab... :)

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