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Reformation Part II

Reformation Part II. Northern Germany. Northern Germany. Luther and his assistant Philipp Melanchton spread Luther’s message The changes proposed in the 95 theses were fundamental therefore the Roman Catholic Church could not support it

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Reformation Part II

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  1. Reformation Part II

  2. Northern Germany

  3. Northern Germany • Luther and his assistant Philipp Melanchtonspread Luther’s message • The changes proposed in the 95 theses were fundamental therefore the Roman Catholic Church could not support it • These changes also led to a revolt by the peasants called the Great Peasant Revolt of 1525

  4. Northern Germany • The Great Peasant Revolt led to a disruption in Luther’s movement so he created the Doctrine of Two Kingdoms • Doctrine of Two Kingdoms • God has two hands • Left= Control of government • Right= Control of the divine

  5. Northern Germany • The Doctrine of Two Kingdoms attracted many German nobles because it gave them the legal standing to crush the peasants • The result was that many areas in Northern German princes converted to Lutheranism

  6. Holy Roman Empire

  7. Holy Roman Empire • Lasted: 962-1806 in central Europe • Ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor • The Reformation created a loss of power for the Holy Roman Emperor: Charles V • To maintain power the Holy Roman Emperor sought help from the Hapsburg Empire(Austria)

  8. Backlash to Reformation

  9. Thirty Years War • Consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars from 1618-1648 • Sides • Hapsburg(Holy Roman Emperors) and Spain(Ferdinand II and Ferdinand III) • Vs. • Danish, Dutch, French, and Sweedish

  10. Thirty Years War • In the beginning the Holy Roman Empire made peace with the Lutherans in 1555 called the Peace of Augsburg • However, many German princes converted to Calvinismoutside of the peace treaty made only with Lutherans

  11. Thirty Years War • This conversion to Calvinism caused a breakdown in the governmentalstructureof the Holy Roman Empire • Therefore the Holy Roman Empire had to strike back to maintain power

  12. Phases of 30 Years War Sweden Denmark Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Poland Bohemia France Austria Hungary Spain

  13. Thirty Year War • Phases • Bohemian Phase: (Czech Republic) 1618-1621 • PalatinatePhase: (Germany) 1621-1624 • Danish Phase: 1625-1630 • SwedishPhase: 1630-1634 • French Phase: 1634-1648

  14. Thirty Years War • Peace of Westphalia: Oct. 24, 1648 • Ended the Thirty Years War • The Swedish received large sum of moneyand land • The French received land • The Emperor’s power was reduced to nullin other territories

  15. France

  16. Calvinistic France • Calvinismwas accepted by many French converts to Protestantism • These converts were called the Huguenots • Under Henry IV the Huguenots were given substantial rights by the Edict of Nates

  17. Calvinistic France • After Henry IV the Edict of Nates was revoked • Then the persecutionof the Huguenots started by the Catholics • The persecution began by the Massacre of Vassy

  18. French Backlash • This backlash was headed by the French prime minister Cardinal Richelieu • He believed everyone has their place • Clergy= Prayer • Nobility under the King (Army) • Divine Right = King • CommonPeople= Pure Obedience • Anyone who disagreed was met with severe punishment

  19. Counter Reformation

  20. Catholic Reformation • After all the bloodshed the Catholic Church decided it may needed to reform • Created the Council of Trent by Pope Paul III • Pope did not attend the meeting (so not to look weak) • Pope sent his closest advisors to make sure his agenda is fulfilled and no power is taken away from the Pope

  21. Catholic Reformation:Council of Trent • The council meet for three sessions • Achievements • The principle that the Pope was supremein the Catholic Church • Make no allowances for Christian Humanismor LiberalCatholicism • Improved the quality of bishops • Clearly definedCatholic doctrine • Greater centralizationof government

  22. Catholic Reformation:Jesuits (Society of Jesus) • Founded by IgnatiusLoyal • Son of a rich man who loved women and gambling • Fought for Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) • Became wounded in a battle and while healing had a vision of the Virgin Mary and baby Jesus • Then became a hermitand created the Jesuits, which was accepted by the Pope

  23. Catholic Reformation: Jesuits (Society of Jesus) • Constitutions • Jesuits were at the disposalof the Pope • Wherever they go they must save souls • Never accept an archbishoptitle • Wear no special clothing • No special mortification(fasting) • Excused from communal prayer and mass • Make traditionalvows • Spread Faith = Preaching and spiritualexercises

  24. Spain

  25. Spain: Inquisition • Lasted 1480-1699 • Established by FerdinandII of Aragorn and IsabellaI of Castile • Purpose: Force conversionto… • Jews and Muslims to Christianity • Control Protestants • Censor Books

  26. Spain: Inquisition • Offences • Witchcraft, Blasphemy, Bigamy(Divorce), Sodomy, and Freemasonry • Judged • Tribunals • Sentencing: Tortured to tell the “truth” • Dislocating bones • Whipping • Burned at the stake • Waterboarding

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