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African Colonial History

African Colonial History. KEY TO UNDERSTANDING AFRICAN UNDERDEVELOPMENT ORIGINS AND MYTHS. Colonial Motives. Economic Interpretation- raw materials, minerals and agricultural products Missionary Influence and abolitionism (Divide Religiously) Pseudo-Scientific Racism European Rivalries

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African Colonial History

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  1. African Colonial History • KEY TO UNDERSTANDING AFRICAN UNDERDEVELOPMENT • ORIGINS AND MYTHS

  2. Colonial Motives • Economic Interpretation- raw materials, minerals and agricultural products • Missionary Influence and abolitionism (Divide Religiously) • Pseudo-Scientific Racism • European Rivalries • Cultural Imperialism and Racism

  3. Theme “We have the Maxim Gun, They Have None” Hillaire Blazac

  4. Issue: The Crusher “Bula Matari came to represent [the] alien authority…” Crawford Young describes Henry Morton Stanley

  5. Further Reading • Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness • Later film, Apocalypse Now by Francis Ford Coppola • Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost

  6. The Scramble for Africa • Triangular Trade to 1800 • Legitimate Trade and Spheres of Influence • Spheres of Influence (the China Model) • The Role of the Trading Companies • German East African Company • French West African Trading Company • British East and British South African Companies

  7. The Scramble for Africa • France, Germany and European Rivalries • Belgium, King Leopold and the “Congo Free State” • Congresses of Berlin: 1878 and 1884-85

  8. Origins of Colonialism: 1890-1914 • West Africa: French vs. British and Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule • From Company Rule to Indirect Rule • Smaller Powers • East Africa: Settlers and Imperialism • German Authoritarianism, • White Highlands • British East Africa Company

  9. Origins of ColonialismCentral and Southern Africa • Jan van Riebeck and the Cape- 1652 • Britain- Cape Colony: 1815 • Cecil John Rhodes: British South Africa Company • The Rhodesias and Nyasaland- Company Rule to 1923 • From Federation to UDI

  10. Styles of Colonialism- Tactics and Methods • Force, Trickery, sub-imperialism (client kingdoms) and Authoritarian Prefectoralism • Carl Peters and his Bags full of Treaties • Sir Samuel Baker and his Hungarian Wife Stimulate alliances and rivalries among different ethnic and religious groups • Use of Indigenous Forces: Create African Armies • Use puppet rulers, appoint chiefs in “stateless systems, use District Commissioners (Prefects)

  11. Patterns of Colonial Rule • Parallel Rule vs. Indirect Rule- Britain • Assimilation- France Portugal and France • Federations vs. Fragmentation- Francophone vs. East Africa • Special Role of Settler Colonies

  12. Discussion “Do Things Fall Apart in Africa After 1870?

  13. The Colonial Administrative State • Integration- Algeria and Lusophone • Overseas territories and provinces- France • Colonial Office and the Overseas Governor • Cultural Sub-Nationalism: Buganda, Ashanti and South Africa

  14. British Colonialism Sir Frederick Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (London: 1922).

  15. Types of Territories • Without European Settlers- Nkrumah and the Mosquito • Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone • Without European Settlers- Protectorates • Uganda, Zanzibar, Nyasaland • With European Settlers (No Home rule) • Kenya, Tanzania, Northern Rhodesia • With European Settlers (Home rule) • Rhodesia, South Africa, South West Africa (after 1920)

  16. Colonial Processes • Oxbridge Generalists • Major Ralph Furse and Gentlemen Administrators • LEGCO, EXECO and Unofficial Advisors (Europeans, Arabs and Indians, and Late a few Africans) • “Multi-racialism” vs. Ornamentalism

  17. British Colonial Structures

  18. Structure of British Colonialism

  19. Colonial Administration

  20. Colonial Administration

  21. Colonial Administration

  22. “Tribal” Administration

  23. Colonial Structures-1956

  24. Traditional GovernmentTwo StructuresNational Systems

  25. Imperial Systems

  26. Parallel Rule • The External Protectorate • Soldiers, Missionaries and Police • Settlers: Eastern and Southern Africa

  27. Origins of Indirect Rule INDIRECT RULE THEORISTS • Lord Lugard and Northern Nigeria • Theophilus Shepstone in Natal • Sir Donald Cameroon in Tanganyika

  28. "Tribal Administration“and Indirect Rule • Traditional vs. “Tribal” Rule • Modification of Parallel or Dual Rule • Goal: Legal/Rational Model • Modification of Tradition • Training of tribal administrator

  29. Indirect Rule System

  30. French Colonialism • Meaning of Assimilation • Direct Rule • Use of Traditional Authorities as French Administrators • Replacement of Traditional Authorities by Soldiers • In Practice Assimilation was Association • British and French administrative Practice not that different in rural Africa

  31. French Colonialism • The Concept of Permanent Association • Goal a French Language Union (Political Economic and Social) • Paris and A Single, highly centralized system- World Wide • Facade of Direct Rule

  32. French Colonial Structures France Overseas: Indochina, Caribbean North Africa: Tunisia, Morocco, the Department of Algeria L’Afrique Occidentale Francaise (AOF) L’Afrique Equitoriale Francaise (AEF) The Mandates: Togo, Cameroons

  33. French Colonial Structures

  34. French Colonial Structures

  35. French Colonial Structures

  36. French Decolonization • The Concept of the French Union • France and World War II: French Africa and Vichy • Socialist Governments and Socialist Empires • Collapse of Federation, the Loi Cadre of 1956 • DeGaulle and the 1958 Referendum

  37. SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS • Germany: Lost Colonies: German East Africa, German South West Africa, Cameroons and Togo • Belgium: Monarch’s Private Property (Congo Free State) Rwanda, Burundi- Primary Education, Church, Mineral Extraction • Portugal: Post-Revolutionary States. Four Centuries of Neglect, Massive Amounts of Settlers Post-WWI and WWII-Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde

  38. SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS • Italy: National Grandeur, Battle of Adowa, Mussolini- Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia (1937-1940) • Spain: Colonial Remnants of Slave Trade- Spanish Morocco, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Equatorial Guinea • Holland: From Cape Colony to Dutch Republics Orange Free State, Transvaal, French Protestants, Germans-South Africa (Apartheid)

  39. Themes of Colonial Rule • Psychological Dependence and Revolution • Racial animosity and “love-hate” cultural links (Indians, Arabs, Europeans) • Absence of Core State • Nationalism as a Product of Colonialism • Gender, Race and Class debates

  40. Discussion Similarities and Differences: • Richard Rive • Chinua Achebe • Crawford Young

  41. NEXT WEEK “Seek ye first the political kingdom, all else will follow” Kwame Nkrumah

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