ANIMALS

1. ANIMALS Structure and Function

2. Unifying Themes in Animal Anatomy and Physiology • There is a correlation between form and function. • The comparative approach allows us to see how species of diverse evolutionary history and varying complexity solve problems common to all. • Animals have the capacity to respond and adjust to to environmental change in two temporal scales. • Long term adaptation. • Short term – physiologic responses.

3. Tisssue • Four types of tissue • Epithelial • Connective • Nerve • Muscle Groups of Cells With Common Structures and Functions

4. Epithelial • Form- sheets of tightly packed cells • Function – cover the outside of body, line organs and body cavities • Categorized by the number and shape of the free surface cells • Simple – one layer of cells • Stratified – multiple layers of cells • Psuedostratified – one layer but appears to be multilayer because cells are different lengths • Cell shape – cubodial, columnar or squamous

6. Some Tissues Are Specialized in Absorption or Secretion • Some ciliated – lining of respiratory system • Some are mucous membranes – line nasal and oral cavity • Structure fits forms • Example: simple squamous epithelium is leaky and specialized for diffusion

7. Connective Tissue • Form -characterized by a sparse cell population scattered through an extensive extracellular matrix • Function – to bind and support tissue • Three types • Collagen – tensile strength (resists stretching) • Elastic fibers – long thread s of protein • Reticular fibers – prolonged to form connections to adjacent tissue

8. Types of Connective Tissue • Loose connective tissue ( has all three types of fibers) • Adipose tissue – fat storage (each cell has one large fat droplet) • Fibrous connective tissue- tendons and ligaments

9. Types of Connective Tissue • Cartilage – skeleton of all vertebrate embryos • Bone - mineralized • Blood – composed of plasma, leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets ( made in the marrow)

11. Nerve Tissue • Form – neurons that are specialized to conduct an impulse of bioelectric signal • Function – senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another

12. Muscle Tissue • Form – parallel bundles of • microfilaments made of the contractile proteins, actin and mycin • Funtion - long excitable cells capable of contraction • Most abundant tissue in most animals • Three types of muscle

13. Types of Muscle • Striated – responsible for voluntary movements. • Cardiac – forms the contractile wall of heart. • Smooth – unstriated and is found in walls of organs and is responsible for involuntary movement.

15. Systems are interdependent: an organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts.

16. Animals are hetrotrophs that harvest chemical energy from the food they ingest.

17. Animals Have a Range of Metabolic Rates • Minimum – support basic life functions • Maximal – occur during peak activity • Determined by measuring • Oxygen used for cellular respiration • Heat loss per unit of time • Metabolic rate per gram is INVERSELY related to body size among similar animals

18. Endotherms Generate own body heat Require more kilocalories than ectotherms Many are homeothermic Bird and mammals BMR 1600-1800 kcal/day – men 1300-1500 kcal./Day-women Ectotherms Acquire most of body heat from environment Include fish, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates SMR (standard metabolic rates) must be determined at a specific temperature

19. FUEL MANAGEMENT • Monomers of any complex organic molecule can be used for fuel. CH2O and fats are used first. • Oxidation of fat liberates 9.5 kcal/gram (twice that of CH2O or protein) • Excess food taken in is stored as • Glycogen in the liver and muscles • Fat in adipose tissue

20. Glycogen is used first Fat Body protein (results in muscle atrophy and can even result in consumption of brain proteins) When the diet is deficient in calories Diet must supply carbon and nitrogen necessary for biosynthesis of other organic molecules.

21. Essential amino acids are those that must be obtained from the diet. • Human adults can synthesis 12 of the 20 amino acids. • Protein deficiency results when the diet lacks one or more of the amino acids. • Humans can not store amino acids therefore a deficiency results in the retardation of protein synthesis

22. Other Essential Nutrients • Essential fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids that can not be produced by the body – usually not a problem • Vitamins

23. Feeding Adaptations • Suspension feeders – sift small particles from water • Clams, oysters, baleen whales • Substrate feeders-live in or on food and eat through it • Leaf miners • Deposit feeders-ingest partially decayed organic materials with substrate • Earthworms • Fluid feeders-suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host • Tick, aphids, leech, hummingbirds, bees • Bulk feeders – eat relatively large pieces of food

24. Intracellular – vacuoles • Sponge – only intracellular digestion • Extracellular – occurs within compartments that are continuous with the outside of the body • Simple body plan – gastrovascular cavity • Complete digestive track or alimentary canal

25. Four Main Stages of • Ingestion • Digestion • Enzymatic digestion cleaves into monomers • Mechanical fragmentation • Absorption • elimination

26. Digestive Enzymes