Performing literature searches and using EndNote Online

1. Performing literature searches and using EndNote Online Roz McConnaughy School of Medicine Library May 2019

2. Biomedical research and scholarship is a continuing conversation

3. Designing a Search Strategy Assessing Quality Journal Citation Databases Web of Science PubMed EndNote Online - Citation Management Outline

4. Objectives • Describe methods of determining the quality of a paper • Describe increasing level of evidence with different types of papers • Utilize times cited feature in Web of Science. • Apply search strategies to focus PubMed search results. • Add relevant citations to your EndNote library

5. Designing a search strategy Revised from: “Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions”, Cochrane Collaboration. https://training.cochrane.org/handbook

6. Designing a search strategy • Include a wide range of keywords/synonyms for each of the concepts selected. • Think like the article’s author!

7. Boolean Operators/Connectors AND OR NOT

8. Designing a search strategy • Related terms: • penetrating head injury OR penetrating brain injury OR penetrating cranial trauma

9. Designing a search strategy • Variant spellings: • tumour OR tumor • Alzheimer disease OR Alzheimer’s disease

10. Designing a search strategy • Generic and brand drug names • Acetaminophen OR Tylenol

11. Too many results? Try Phrase Searching Example: “blood clot” Searches for these terms to appear as a phrase. Warning: Phrase searching will turn off automatic term mapping in PubMed

12. Need to broaden your search? Try truncation • random* (for random or randomised or randomized or randomly, etc) • PubMed = * • Ovid = $

13. Need to broaden your search? Try truncation • Example: Prevent* • Searches for: Prevent, Prevention, Preventive, Prevents, Preventable, Preventative, Prevented, Preventing, etc.

14. Designing a search strategy • Both keyword (text word) and subject headings should be used (for example Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

15. Family interventions for bipolar disorder affective disorders OR mood disorder OR bipolar disorder OR bipolar psychosis OR manic disorder OR mania OR manic psychosis OR manic depression OR hypomanic OR hypomania OR mixed mania OR mixed states OR mixed episodes OR affective symptoms OR bipolar depression OR cyclothymic disorder OR cyclothymia

16. Family interventions for bipolar disorder family therapy OR family intervention OR family treatment OR family process therapy OR family management OR psychoanalytical family therapy OR psychodynamic family therapy OR supportive family therapy OR cognitive behavioral family therapy OR systemic family therapy OR continuation family treatment OR maintenance family treatment OR prophylactic family treatment OR interpersonal family therapy OR cognitive family therapy OR couples therapy OR marital therapy OR spouses treatment

17. Family interventions for bipolar disorder affective disorders OR mood disorder OR bipolar disorder OR bipolar psychosis OR manic disorder OR mania OR manic psychosis OR manic depression OR hypomanic OR hypomania OR mixed mania OR mixed states OR mixed episodes OR affective symptoms OR bipolar depression OR cyclothymic disorder OR cyclothymia AND family therapy OR family intervention OR family treatment OR family process therapy OR family management OR psychoanalytical family therapy OR psychodynamic family therapy OR supportive family therapy OR cognitive behavioral family therapy OR systemic family therapy OR continuation family treatment OR maintenance family treatment OR prophylactic family treatment OR interpersonal family therapy OR cognitive family therapy OR couples therapy OR marital therapy OR spouses treatment

18. Search more than one database • PubMed/MEDLINE is not enough • National, regional and subject-specific databases should be selected for searching according to the topic of the review.

20. Assessing Quality

21. Assessing Quality

22. Assessing Journal Quality • Editorial process, peer review • Directory of Open Access Journals https://doaj.org • Impact Factor – Journal Citation Reports (databases page)

23. Assessing Journal Quality • PubMed includes citations from journals not part of MEDLINE • Indexed in MEDLINE • MeSH Terms assigned to article • Search NLM Catalog

30. Assessing Article Quality • ABCDs (Author, Bias, Content, Date) https://nsufl.libguides.com/friendly.php?s=evaluate/abcd • Critical Appraisal worksheets • see SOAR subject guide: https://uscmed.sc.libguides.com/soar/evaluation

31. Assessing Article Quality • Highly Cited (Web of Science)

32. Why search Web of Science? • Cites references found in over 6,650 journals • Provides access to current information and retrospective data from 1900 to the present. • Advanced search features - cited reference searching, limit by category

33. Assessing Article Quality • Hierarchy of Evidence, study type

34. Study Designs Primary vs. Secondary Literature Unfiltered vs. Filtered Literature Unsynthesized vs. Synthesized Literature

35. Primary/Unfiltered/Unsynthesized • Report original research (qualitative & quantitative) • Examples: Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case reports

36. Secondary/Filtered/Synthesized • Draw conclusions from original research • Time-saving, critically appraised for quality • Examples: Systematic reviews, practice guidelines, critically appraised topics

37. Hierarchy of Evidence Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses High Level Evidence for patient care decisions Randomized controlled double blind studies Cohort studies Case control studies Low Level Evidence for patient care decisions Case series, Case reports Editorials, opinions Animal research In vitro (test tube) research

38. Characteristics of a Systematic Review • Comprehensive identification and synthesis of all relevant studies on a given topic • Based on clearly defined search of the literature • Explicit criteria are used to appraise the quality of the papers reviewed • Comprehensive list of all studies included, as well as excluded (with a justification for exclusion) • Findings are analyzed using validated methods, such as a meta-analysis (A statistical technique to combine the results of several suitably similar studies into a single numerical estimate)

39. Animal Research

40. Editorial

41. Case Report

42. Case control study

43. Cohort study

44. Randomized controlled double blind study

45. Systematic review with meta-analysis

46. Assessing Quality Journal Article ABCDs (Author, Bias, Content, Date) Critical Appraisal worksheets Highly Cited Hierarchy of Evidence, study type • Peer review • Directory of Open Access Journals • Impact Factor • Indexed in MEDLINE

47. Clinical Question • Does hand washing among healthcare workers reduce hospital acquired infections? “Health (Nursing, Medicine, Allied Health): Search Strategies: Framing the question (PICO)”, NYU Libraries. http://guides.nyu.edu/c.php?g=276561&p=1847897

49. Search Strategy • (hospital personnel OR healthcare worker OR health personnel) AND (hand washing OR handwashing OR hand disinfection OR hand hygiene OR hand scrubbing) AND (cross infection OR hospital acquired infection) • Filters: Meta-Analysis; Systematic Reviews; Abstract; English

50. Article published in journal or epub ahead of print Publisher sends data to PubMed (available in your keyword search results) Indexers read through it, assign it a handful of subject headings/using MeSH, a controlled vocabulary. (also assign publication types and other filter options) The article is now indexed. (available in your MeSH search results or search results that you filter) PubMed Citations