Question 3

1. Question 3 Opposition to the power of the national government

2. Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following: Whiskey Rebellion (1794), Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (179801799), Hartford Convention (1814-1815), Nullification Crisis (1832-1833).

3. What is your task? Compare two events that opposed the power of the federal government – what were the cause (motives) and effects of such opposition How successful were these events in history in opposing the power of the government

4. BRAINSTORM! • Whiskey Rebellion • Cause? • Tax on whiskey – to fund the national debt part of A. Hamilton’s financial plan • Farmers sensed they are being controlled by eastern interests • internal tax fought against during revolution • Reflects conflict between coastal and backcountry regions – rum v. whiskey • Results? • Rebellion failed and the authority of government was strengthened – big show of force by Washington with troops- rebellion not tolerated

5. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Cause? • Opposed Alien and Sedition Acts • Written by Jefferson and Madison • Declared national government violated Bill of Rights • declared states have right to judge whether federal government threatens people’s liberties • Can declare federal law null and void • Results? • Influential; rallied Republican opinion and provided precedent for states’ rights advocates

6. Hartford Convention • Cause? • Opposition to War of 1812 (“Mr. Madison’s War”) • Federalist in the Northeast threatened secession as war continues • Delegates from New England met in Hartford, Conn to discuss possible secession • Condemned the war – hurting their economy – trade based economy • Proposed constitutional amendments to limit power of federal government (presidents from Virginia!) • Results? • Led to demise of federalist party

7. Nullification Crisis • Cause? • Tariff of 1828 – Tariff of Abominations • states’ rights and power of central government • Southerners feared abolitionist sentiment in the North and continuation of high tariffs – hurts southern economy – sectionalism • John C. Calhoun expanded on idea of nullification expressed in Virginia and Kentucky resolutions states have the right to • Force Bill issued by A. Jackson will use force if necessary • Results? • Compromise Tariff of 1833 with both sides claiming victory – force bill nullified – issue not resolved

8. What two events would you choose? • Are there any connections between the events? • Do two of the have similar motives (political or economic)? • Do two of them indicate success in challenging the power of the federal government?

9. Outine your essay • 1st paragraph – • Introduction – define terms introduce the time period • thesis • 2nd Paragraph • Transition sentence • Topic • Evidence to support claims • transition • 3rd paragraph • Same as paragraph 2 • 4th paragraph • transition • Compare the oppositions • Similarities /differences in events • 5th paragraph • transition • Conclusion • Yes/but statements • Confirm argument

10. Outlining is important part of prewriting!!! • This is a must in writing – • Keeps you focused on the topics – need to focus on one idea in each paragraph • Without taking the time to organize your essay you could make the following mistakes: • Leave out information from brainstorming • Make too many generalizations • Wonder off topic

11. Formulate your thesis - ALWAYS check your thesis Does it answer the question? Did you address all parts of the question in your thesis? Did you simply restate the question?

12. NOW you are ready to start writing • Introduction – define terms or time period • Since the formation of the Constitution of the United States, the power of the government has expanded due to various events. Decisions of the Supreme Court headed by John Marshall, the creation of the Bank, and federal control of interstate commerce resulted in loose interpretation of the constitution led to increased power. • simply starting your essay with a thesis can lead to confusion and indicate lack of knowledge of time period

13. THESIS – which one is better • Since the formation of the Constitution of the United States, the power of the government has expanded due to various events. Decisions of the Supreme Court headed by John Marshall, the creation of the Bank, and federal control of interstate commerce resulted in loose interpretation of the constitution led to increased power. Although the power of the government increased, there were often protests which at times challenged the powers of the government. • The national government as created in 1789 by the constitution in its infancy was subject to a variety of threats for a variety of reasons. The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 and the Hartford Convention in 1814-1815 show clearly the different kinds of obstacle the fledgling government was forced to overcome. With motives ranging from high taxes to fear for trade an the actions from armed rebellion to review of the constitution, many would have liked the government to falter when it did not.

14. Most common mistakes • Thesis statements did not address motives and effectiveness • Lack of knowledge and specific evidence • no clear understanding of events • No correlation between events – no connections • Did not address effectiveness of opposition • Lack of organization • How can I improve • Thesis test – • Make sure you know what is being asked! • Support your essay with outside information • Make sure you have a clear understanding of time period • ORGANIZE your thoughts in pre-writing – create an outline!

15. Never use first person in writing – you are writing about the past • Never use contractions in formal writing • Never use quotes – make inferences • Never use rhetorical questions • Never make generalizations you cannot defend • Never use simple language – use academic language of the course • Never use ( ) – either include it in your writing or not confusing to reader – shows indecisiveness • Avoid phrases – on the other hand, as seen in document B, the statement is true because, • Avoid specific dates and numbers if you are not sure • – in the early 1900s – mid 1900s or late 1900s • Substantial, the minority, the majority, a small number • Avoid abbreviations without first giving definition or explanation • CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) then use CIA in writing • Avoid FLUFF – stick to the facts that support main idea – BE SPECIFIC • write lean, logical, precise