Chapter 2 B Organic Chemistry

1. Chapter 2 B Organic Chemistry

2. What is Organic Chemistry • Biosynthesis: living things making substances • Molecules made from Carbon, but it usually has Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. • Carbon Dioxide is not an organic molecule.

3. Organic compounds: contain Carbon can be made by an organism Carbon has 4 valence e- can bond w/ up to 4 atoms can form single, double, triple bonds can form chains & rings

4. Carbon – the building block

5. 4 kinds of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids

6. Carbohydrates CH2O - Hydrated Carbon

7. carbohydrates = saccharides C(OH2) hydrated Carbon 3 types of simple sugars 1. monosaccharides ex: ribose, glucose, fructose 2. disaccharides ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose 3. polysaccharide ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

8. Starch an energy source stored by plants Glycogen an energy storage molecule in humans Cellulose makes plants strong isn’t digestible to most animals roughage (fiber) in diet

9. Dehydration Synthesis How are organic molecules made? dehydration – remove water synthesis – to make Dehydration Synthesis is “to make by removing water”

10. Dehydration Synthesis http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/biochemistry/

11. Hydrolysis How are organic molecules broken down? hydro – water lys – to break Hydrolysis is “to break by adding water”

12. Hydrolysis http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201111230226161476457.png

13. Lipids (fats, waxes, cholesterol, oil, phospholipids) * made of fatty acids & glycerol * do not dissolve in H2O * contains most energy/ gram

14. Lipids • Glycerol Molecule • Glycerol (circled in red) and 3 Fatty Acid Chains http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/ http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fat.jpg

15. Lipids A glycerol molecule connected to 3 fatty Acid chains.

16. Lipids can be * saturated with H solid at room temp ex: crisco, butter, cholesterol * unsaturated has C=C (double bonds) liquid at room temperature ex: olive oil

17. Saturated vs. Unsaturated http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fat.jpg

19. Phospholipids hydrophobic tail hydrophilic head

20. Phospholipids Cellular Membrane is composed of a Phospholipid bilayer

21. Proteins • wide variety • made of amino acids • amine acid • group group • -NH3 -COO • amino acid

22. Building a protein

23. Amino Acids http://njms2.umdnj.edu/biochweb/education/bioweb/PreK2010/aminoacids.gif

24. Proteins • amino acids linked by peptide bond • forms polypeptide chain • Critical for proteins to be functional • chain fold into 3D protein shape • sequence of amino acids • determines the protein

25. Polypeptide Chain

26. Hemoglobin

27. Ribosome http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m3tiv4YgRX1r9duat.jpg

28. Enzymes = biological catalyst Enzymes are proteins!! Enzymes allow reactions (rxn) to occur in living things with out dangerous energy levels Enzymes usually end in –ase Amylase Catalase Protease Lipase Cellulase Pepsin (but not always end in –ase)

29. Enzymes 1) proteins 2) highly specific 3) require energy 4) may require coenzymes 5) affected by heat, radiation, pH, chemicals 6) often work in series 7) have active sites

30. Enzyme Activity Lego Enzyme Animation

31. Enzyme lowers Activation Energy http://njms2.umdnj.edu/biochweb/education/bioweb/PreK2010/EnzymeActivationEnergy2.gif

32. Nucleic Acids

33. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) • found in the nucleus • DNA • material of heredity = genes • structure determined by • Watson & Crick, 1953 • They stole it from Rosalind Strickland • blueprint for making itself

34. DNA = double chain of nucleotides 1) sugar = deoxyribose 2) phosphate 3) base

35. DNA replication making 2 new DNA molecules from an old 1

36. RNA uracil instead of thymine ribose instead of deoxyribose

37. Not too painful, was it?

38. We have knocked this chapter out

39. Do I have bad breath??