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Skeletons & Muscles

Skeletons & Muscles. Animal Movement. What are the advantages of being mobile? 1. Find food 2. escape 3. migrate 4. find a mate. sessile stay in one place Ex: barnacles. mobile able to move from place to place. Human endoskeleton. Axial skeleton skull, rib cage, spine.

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Skeletons & Muscles

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  1. Skeletons & Muscles

  2. Animal Movement What are the advantages of being mobile? 1. Find food 2. escape 3. migrate 4. find a mate sessile stay in one place Ex: barnacles mobile able to move from place to place

  3. Human endoskeleton Axial skeleton skull, rib cage, spine Appendicular Skeleton hips, shoulders, arms and legs 206 bones

  4. 1. support Human endoskeleton 2. protect 3. Move 4. Store minerals 5. Make blood cells Functions Ossification – the replacement of cartilage by bone

  5. 6 Types of Joints – Name, type of movement, example • Ball and socket • Wide range of movement - ex. Hips and shoulders • Hinge • Back and forth movement – ex. Wrist and knee • 3. Pivot • Twisting movement – ex. Neck and elbow • 4. Fixed • NO movement – ex. skull • 5. Gliding • Sliding movement – ex. Wrist and ankle • 6. Saddle • Allows thumb to cross over palm – ex. Thumb ONLY

  6. 3 Types of Muscle cardiac striated involuntary,contract on their own voluntary Connect to bone Work in pairs Striated or striped Heart ONLY Striated smooth NOT striated Controlled by the medulla Example – peristalsis, diaphragm involuntary

  7. Muscle movement • Muscles do work by contracting (shortening) • Muscles can only pull bone • skeletal muscles come in antagonistic pairs • Muscles work against each other • Flexor (bends) vs. extensor (straightens)

  8. 3 Types of connective tissue ♦Tendons - connect bone to muscle • Ligaments - connectbone to bone • Cartilage – cushions between bones

  9. Fast twitch & slow twitch muscles • Slow twitch muscle fibers • contract slowly, but keep going for a long time • more mitochondria for aerobic respiration • long distance runner • “dark” meat = more blood vessels • Fast twitch muscle fibers • contract quickly, but get tired rapidly • sprinter • “white” meat

  10. Muscle limits • Muscle fatigue • lack of ATP – anaerobic respiration • low O2 • lactic acid lowers pH which interferes with enzyme (protein) function • Muscle cramps • build up of lactic acid – causes the “burn” • lack of (ATP) • massage or stretching increases circulation

  11. Diseases – failure to maintain homeostasis • ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) • motor neurons degenerate • Osteoporosis – loss of Calcium • Arthritis – loss of cartilage – bones “rub” together • Tendonitis • Leukemia – cancer of bone marrow

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