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Atmospheric Chemistry & Aviation

Atmospheric Chemistry & Aviation. Kostas Stefanidis, PhD stefanidis@metronaviation.com Metron Aviation. Aviation and the Atmosphere.

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Atmospheric Chemistry & Aviation

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  1. Atmospheric Chemistry & Aviation Kostas Stefanidis, PhD stefanidis@metronaviation.com Metron Aviation

  2. Aviation and the Atmosphere • Aviation emissions are deposited directly into the upper troposphere and lowerstratosphere with greater warming effect than aviation emissions on the surface. • Rapid growth in global air travel is anticipated to continue in the near future. Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  3. Climatology vs. Meteorology • Climatology (long time scales) • Provides with a description of the mean state of the atmosphere and estimates its variability about that state • Understand the (non-linear) dynamics of climate • Meteorology (short time scales) • Study of the atmosphere with focus on weather forecasting Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  4. Earth Radiation Balance • Radiation balance • Radiated Energy from the Sun warms the Earth. • Energy radiated from Earth to space cools Earth. • The balance of energy from the Sun and the energy radiated back to space from Earth result an equilibrium. • Atmospheric constituents keep average temperature above black body temperature. Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  5. How Earth Warms UpThe Energy Difference Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  6. Sun & Earth as Blackbodies Note: Earths’ curve magnified by 500,000 times Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  7. Radiation Absorption by Atmospheric Constituents Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  8. The Atmospheric Layers Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  9. Fuel Combustion Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  10. Fuel Combustion • The Perfect Combustion • CnHm + S + N2 + O2 CO2 + H2O + N2 + O2 But in reality CnHm + S + N2 + O2 CO2 + H2O + N2 + O2 NOx + CO + SOx + Soot + UHC Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  11. Possible Impact of Jet Exhaust • Emissions are accumulated at altitude: • CO2 • H2O • Soot • Sulfate • Emissions induce changes in atmospheric composition (chemical reactions) Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  12. Accumulation of Emissions • Increased Radiative Forcing is caused by: • CO2 ,H2O, Soot • Particular matter in exhaust and H2O form jet contrails leading to increased cloudiness Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  13. Induced Chemical Changes • NOx (NO, NO2) affects atmospheric levels of ozone and methane. • It is a precursor to Ozone (O3), but • In combination with H2O depletes O3 • Oxidizes (CH4) resulting cooling Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  14. Emissions Regulations Current Status • Only Soot, UHC, CO, and NOx are regulated • Reducing the level of emissions requires: • International collaboration (Kyoto protocol) • Improved understanding of interrelationships between various emissions (reduce modeling uncertainties) Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  15. Terminology Relating to Atmospheric Particles Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  16. 1:38 PM 1:30 PM Aura Cloudsat CALIPSO Aqua PARASOL OMI - Aerosol, HCHO, SO2 OMI & HIRLDS – Trop O3, NO2 TES - Trop O3, CO, CH4, HNO3 CALIPSO- Aerosol Profile PARASOL- Aerosol polarization MODIS- Aerosols AIRS Temperature and H2O Profile The A-train (Aqua/Aura) Afternoon Constellation AURA Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  17. Aura Launch July 15, 2004 OMI cut-away diagram Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  18. Instruments onboard AURA • HIRDLS: High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder • MLS: Microwave Limb Sounder • TES; Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (Limb & nadir mode) • OMI: hyper-spectral imaging (nadir mode, VIS & UV)) Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  19. OMI CCD & Optical Assembly Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  20. Observing the Atmosphere from Space Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  21. OBSERVATION BY SOLAR OCCULTATION (UV to near-IR) “satellite sunrise” Tangent point; retrieve vertical profile of concentrations EARTH Examples: SAGE, GOMOS Recent extensions to lunar and stellar occultation Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  22. OBSERVATION BY THERMAL EMISSION (IR, m-wave) NADIR VIEW LIMB VIEW Absorbing gas or aerosol T1 Examples: MLS, MOPITT, MIPAS, TES, HRDLS To EARTH SURFACE Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  23. OBSERVATION BY SOLAR BACKSCATTER (UV to near-IR) absorption Backscattered intensity IB Scattering by Earth surface and by atmosphere EARTH SURFACE Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods Examples: TOMS, GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI

  24. LIDAR MEASUREMENTS Laser pulse Examples: LITE, CALYPSO backscatter by atmosphere EARTH SURFACE Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  25. Hyper-spectral Data Cube Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  26. Remote Sensing & Complexity Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  27. In-situ Measurements Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  28. Putting Together Remote Sensing & In-situ Measurements Synergy Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  29. Aviation: the visible (environmental) impact Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  30. Remote Sensing & the Environment (or prelude to conclusions) Aviation Operations Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  31. Conclusions • The aviation’s effect on the global atmosphere is potentially significant (IPCC 1999) • Improved air traffic operations could reduce aviation emissions • Enhanced modeling of radiative forcing of jet exhaust constituents is required to increase the climate forecasting accuracy. • Modeling Uncertainties • Limited accuracy in quantifying the impact of jet exhaust on the climate • Limited understanding of how the atmosphere and climate will respond to human-induced changes in greenhouse gases over the long term • to improve the scientific understanding and modeling capability to assess aviation climate impacts and reduce key uncertainties associated with these impact Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

  32. References • P.K. Bhartia: Global Air Quality Study from the A-train, August 2001 • D. Jacob: Satellite Observations of Atmospheric Chemistry, August 2001 • Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change • Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Subsonic Commercial Jet Aircraft, EPA, April 1999, EPA420-R-99-013 • Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, September 2005, COM(2005) 459 Final • Aviation and the Changing Climate, AIAA • Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion; 2002, World Meteorological Organization, Report No. 47 • http://mozaic.aero.obs-mip.fr/web/features/information/map.html Aviation & the Environment: Issues & Methods

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