SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.

1. Unit 5 GPS 12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.Name________________period_________

2. SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. • a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America. • b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers. • c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee. • d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial unrest.

3. GPS 12 The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. a. Population (Ellis Island) b. Unions (AFL & Sam Gompers) American Industrial Growth: c. Conflict with Native Americans (Wounded Knee) d. Strikes (Pullman Strike)

4. 12a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants' origins to southern and eastern Europe. • Ellis Islandis an island in New York Harbor. It was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States and was the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. The island was greatly expanded with landfill between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson. The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and has hosted a museum of immigration since 1990. • Before immigrants were allowed into the US they had to be “processed” or undergo a legal and health inspection. • Immigrants came to the United States fleeing crop failures (Irish Potato Famine), shortages of land and jobs, rising taxes, famine, and religious and political persecution. • Steam-powered ships could cross the Atlantic Ocean in two or three weeks. Most immigrants traveled in steerage, a large open area beneath the ship’s deck.

5. 12a. Immigrants from Europe ~ Reading Comprehension • Urban neighborhoods dominated by one ethnic or racial group of immigrants were called ghettos. Some ghettos formed because immigrants felt more comfortable living near people with the same language and traditions as themselves. Other ghettos formed from restrictive covenants, when homeowners agreed not to sell real estate to certain groups. In that case, the immigrants had no choice and had to settle where they could. Still other ghettos formed when ethnic groups isolated themselves because of threats of violence, mostly which came from whites. The majority of ghettos were hazardous to live in: there was no heat, windows or bathrooms, and diseases were rampant because living conditions were so crowded. Most ghettos were made from cheap materials like wood and were fire hazards because they were no safety guidelines or restrictions. • What is a ghetto? • What were 3 reasons ghettos formed? • Why were ghettos hazardous to live in?

6. Early Labor Unions • Became strong after the Civil War • Provided assistance to members in bad times • Later expressed workers’ demands to employers The Knights of Labor • A national union • Recruited skilled and unskilled workers, women, and African Americans • Emphasized education and social reform The American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Led by Samuel Gompers • Was a craft union of skilled workers • A bread and butter union • Used collective bargaining as a strategy Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • Known as “The Wobblies” • Organized unskilled workers • Had radical socialist leaders • Many violent strikes. 12b. The Rise of Labor Unions What brought about the formation of labor unions? What is an example of a modern day labor union? What is the National Holiday in which the American Worker is celebrated?

7. “Push” Factors The Civil War had displaced thousands of farmers, former slaves, and other workers Eastern farmland was too costly Failed entrepreneurs sought a second chance in a new locations Ethnic and religious repression caused people to seek the freedom of the west Outlaws sought refuge “Pull” Factors The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 Land speculators Homestead Act, 1862 Legally enforceable property rights 12c. What was the Lure of the West? Geographers study the reasons for major migrations when population shifts occur. Push Pull factorsare events and conditions that either force (push) people to move elsewhere or strongly attract (pull) them to do so. Here are some push-pull factors for moving west.

8. 12c. Describe the growth of western population and its impact on Native Americans. On the map below, draw the route of the transcontinental railroad. What tribes were displaced?

9. Current Locations of Native Americans In the United States

10. Massacre at Wounded Knee http://www.history.com/topics/wounded-knee/videos#sitting-bull

11. Key Events in the Indian Wars, 1861-1890

12. 12d. Describe the 1894 Pullman Strike as a example of industrial unrest. • The Pullman Strike was a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894. The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois on May 11 when approximately 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt. • The American Railway Union, the nation's first industry-wide union, led by Eugene V. Debs, subsequently became embroiled in what The New York Times described as "a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital" that involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states at its peak.

13. 12d. The Union vs. Big Business • During the economic panic of 1893, the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages as demand for their train cars plummeted and the company's revenue dropped. A delegation of workers complained of the low wages and sixteen-hour workdays and the company's failure to decrease rents or the price of goods. Company owner George Pullman "loftily declined to talk with them." • Many of the workers were already members of the American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene V. Debs, which supported their strike by launching a boycott n which union members refused to run trains containing Pullman cars. The strike effectively shut down production in the Pullman factories and led to a lockout. Railroad workers across the nation refused to switch Pullman cars, and subsequently Wagner Palace cars, onto trains. The ARU declared that if switchmen were disciplined for the boycott, the entire ARU would strike in sympathy. • The boycott was launched on June 26, 1894. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had quit work rather than handle Pullman cars. Adding fuel to the fire, the railroad companies began hiring replacement workers (that is, strikebreakers or scabs), which only increased hostilities. Many Blacks, fearful that the racism expressed by the American Railway Union would lock them out of another labor market, crossed the picket line, which added a highly racial division to the union's predicament. • Why did George Pullman cut wages for workers? • What did the strike do to production? • What did the ARU boycott lead to? • What does it mean to cross the picket line? • Do you think this whole mess could have been avoided? How?

14. 12d. The Union vs. Big Business: the rest of the story • On June 29, 1894, Debs hosted a peaceful gathering to obtain support for the strike from fellow railroad workers at Blue Island, Illinois. Afterward, groups within the crowd became enraged and set fire to nearby buildings and derailed a locomotive. Elsewhere in the United States, sympathy strikers prevented transportation of goods by walking off the job, obstructing railroad tracks or threatening and attacking strikebreakers. This increased national attention and fueled the demand for federal action. • The railroads succeeded in having Richard Olney, general counsel for the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway, appointed as a special federal attorney with responsibility for dealing with the strike. Olney obtained an injunction barring union leaders from supporting the strike and demanding that the strikers cease their activities or face being fired. Debs and other leaders of the ARU ignored the injunction, and federal troops were called into action. • The strike was broken up by United States Marshals and some 12,000 United States Army troops, commanded by Nelson Miles sent in by President Grover Cleveland on the premise that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail, violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and represented a threat to public safety. The arrival of the military and subsequent deaths of workers led to further outbreaks of violence. During the course of the strike, 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated 6,000 rail workers did $340,000 worth of property damage (about $8,818,000 in 2010 dollars). • What was some of the violence that occurred as a result of this strike? • What caused federal troops to be called in? • On what grounds (3 reasons) did President Cleveland call in the troops? • What was the damage?

15. Assessment GPS 12 1. What drew many new immigrants to the West? • The opportunity to learn new languages • The climate on the plains • “Land-grant” colleges • Cheap land and new jobs 2. Which of the following was a major result of both immigration and the increased productivity of factory jobs in the late 1800s? • The rapid expansion of urban areas • Mechanization of agriculture • High wages for factory workers • Overpopulation of the South 3. The government responded to the 1894 Pullman Strike by • Taking Pullman officials to court • Shutting down all railway operations • Using federal troops to control the workers • Forcing unions and workers to negotiate