Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal

1. Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal Info origin: Wikipedia Pic origin: Google Graphics / data by:

2. Intro Part 1: Preparations -Where it Came From -Creation / Location 1 -Creation / Location 2 Part 2: Participants -Members -Additional Info The Trial Today Ending Table of Contents

3. The International Military Tribunal (IMT) was one of 2 trials held after world war two. It was the most famous trial of the two trials. The IMT tried 24 of the major leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes committed during WWII. This trial was held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. The other trial was the US Nuremberg Military Tribunal (NMT). This court was a continuation of the IMT, held between 1946-1949. The NMT tried the members of the political, military, and economical leadership of the Nazis. This tribunal was held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany taking place at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.

4. On Aug. 8, 1945, the London Charter established new limitations for the tribunals… e.g. The trial could not punish allied war criminals. That was one of the reasons why they only tried 200 out of the 1800 German criminals. The other 1600 faced the regular trials of the country. The Soviet Union (today’s Russia) originally wanted the trials to take place in a city called Berlin but finally agreed to Nuremberg because of several several reasons: First this city was in the American Zone (Germany was divided into 4 zones during war); Second that the Palace of Justice was larger then most buildings, it was also undamaged (unlike many which were bombed); Third, but the most important reason would be that it contains large jails within the building and that it was easier to access. Although Berlin was not chosen, it was agreed to have a right to speak in the IMT to satisfy some of Berlin’s citizens. As written on the British War Cabinet papers on Jan. 1, 2006, the Cabinet ministers started negotiating the policy for punishment on captured Nazi leaders on Dec 1942. Later on, at the end of 1943, the Tripartite Dinner Meeting, at the Tehran Conference, Joseph Stalin (Soviet leader) recommended 50000-100000 German officers be executed because he said that the war criminals must be punished for their crimes. Later on, US treasury secretary, Henry Morgenthau suggested a plan called the Morgenthau Plan for the total denazification of Germany. Where IMT Came From Creation / Location 1 Although Roosevelt and Churchill supported the plan, the Soviet Union soon beat them when they announced their plans of some trials which affected details of the Morgenthau Plan to leak out into the public creating a harsh reaction by the citizens. That was when Roosevelt betrayed them. About a year later, on April 1945, Roosevelt died. He got replaced by a man called Harry S. Truman who greatly supported the Soviet Union. It wasn’t long before the Soviet Union succeeded the plan about the trials and started discussing it with France, USA and Briton on Nov. 20, 1945. The court was ready in Nuremberg. Creation / Location 2

5. Images Winston Churchill (On the right)Franklin Roosevelt (on the left) Henry Morgenthau Jr. Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union Leader)

6. Of the IMT • Each Country sent out one judge and one alternate, read below to see who they are: • British: Colonel Rt Hon Sir Geoffrey Lawrence, Sir Norma Birkett • US: Francis Biddle, John Parker • France: Professor Henry Donnedieu de Vabres, Robert Falco • Soviet Union: Major General Iona Nikitchenko, Lieutentant-Colonel Alexander Volchkov Below are the names of the chief prosecutors who participated: Robert H. Jackson / Sir Hartley Shawcross / Lieutentant General R. A. Rudenko / Francois de Menthon / Auguste Champetier de Ribes

7. Name Martin Bormann Hans Frank Wilhelm Goring Alfred Jodl Ernst Kaltendrunner Wilhem Keitel Joachim von Ribbentrop Alfred Rosenberg Sauckel Julius Streicher Walther Funk Rudolf Hess Erich Raeder Narl Donitz Konstantin con Neurath Baldur con Schirach Albert Speer Sentence Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Death Life imprisoned Life imprisoned Life imprisoned 10 years 15 years 20 years Sentence 20 years Acquitted Acquitted Acquitted Unknown Unknown Name Hans Fritsdhe Franz von Papen Hjalman Schacht Robert Ley Gustav Krupp con Bohlen Halbach There were many sentences handed out at the IMT. Here are the names and punishments of the main criminals during IMT:

8. On Oct. 18, 1945, the international military tribunal opened at the Supreme Court Building in Berlin. Interviews were taken place for six months from Jan-July 1946, against the witnesses and the defendants. The person who interviewed them was called Leon Goldenshon, a psychiatrist from USA. 24 criminals were tried as well as 6 other criminal organizations which concluded to be that only one of them were guilty but the individual criminals all had to pay a price. 4 got imprisoned for about 10-20 years, 3 were acquitted, 3 got to spend their whole life in the Spandau prison, 11 had been sentenced to death and 2 were unknown.

9. Today After trials happened, they formed the International Criminal Courts (ICC), to deal with the international criminals of today. Although there were arguments between many countries finally, at the end, they settled to a contract which was signed by 102 countries around the world. Since this court was formed, records say that there were 1.2 million criminals average this year, in drug arrests only! Criminal numbers increased to 1.7 million and another example, US contains about a quarter of criminals around the world! Especially in Canada, criminal cases increased by 22% from last year. After all the criminal doings, not many people are learning the lesson… Crimes are still happening.

10. Graphics / Backgrounds:Tool: Photoshop ect.By Alice Kang !Thank you for listening!