DETENTE AND AFTER

1. DETENTE AND AFTER • Detente- a lessening of tension or hostility, especially between nations. • Following the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the US and the USSR began to work harder to make such dangerous situations less likely. • In 1963 the USA and the USSR signed the Test Ban Treaty • agreeing to stop testing new nuclear weapons in the atmosphere or under water. (The first of many) • They also established a “hot line” between Washington and Moscow.

2. Detente • 1967 - Outer Space Treaty - signed by over 60 countries. • Banned sending nuclear weapons into space. • Soviets argued that the SDI program violated the treaty • 1968 - Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty - signed by over ninety countries. • all pledged to reduce the spread of nuclear weapons by refusing to exchange nuclear technology • Was designed to reduce the danger of a nuclear war. • The danger would grow if the number of nuclear weapons was allowed to increase and the number of nations possessing nuclear weapons. • Nuclear Club - US, Russia, China, UK, France, North Korea, Pakistan, India, Israel, (Iran????) South Africa used to.

3. Detente • Seabed Treaty 1971 - signed by 40 countries • Agreed not to place nuclear weapons on the seabed beyond a country’s 20km limit • Antiballistic Missile treaty (ABM) 1972-signed by the USA and USSR • Allowed each superpower to deploy to weapons systems designed to defend against attacking nuclear missiles. • ABM protocol, which followed in 1974, reduced the number of systems permitted to one • THE US scrapped the ABM treaty in 2000

4. CHINA AND THE USSR • The Chinese leader, Mao Zedong, attacked détente! • Mao disagreed with the Russians on other matters, too. • When Russian leaders started talking about peaceful co-existence and détente, he accused them of ‘revisionism’ – that is of altering some of communism’s most important ideas. • The Chinese leader declared the only way to deal with American capitalism was to fight to the death. • Each country feared the other may attack and during this time there were a number of border clashes between the Chinese and USSR.

5. China USA • With the Sino-Soviet split, the USA saw this an opportunity to mend its relationship with China and relaxed its trade and travel restrictions. • By 1971 Communist China replaced Nationalist China on the UN Security Council. • President Nixon agreed with China that no one nation should try to dominate East Asia - a clear warning to the USSR • Nixon also went to China to improve relations with the Chinese. • In 1979, Coca Cola obtained a monopoly to produce Coke in China. Pepsi had been given the rights to market in the USSR in 1972. This was known as the Cola War!

6. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 1972 • Superpowers had negotiated how to control the arms race in long-range nuclear missiles • Led to a limit on the number of ICBMs, SLBMs, and ABMs kept by each side. • It was intended to help stop or slow the arms race • This treaty would help preserve the strategic balance and limit the chance of gambling on a first strike. • This was an historic accord but it did not top the arms race entirely

7. THE HELSINKI AGREEMENT 1975 • recognized the existing boundaries between the communist and non-communist parts of Europe. • In return, Soviet leader Brezhnev signed a Declaration of Human Rights • Freedom of speech and freedom from unjust arrest (ha ha ha)

8. SALT II 1979 • This treaty was to extend strategic arms control between the superpowers. • Combined with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the SALT II Treaty was never ratified by the US Senate. • However both sides abided by the weapons limitations of the treaty until 1985

9. REAGAN • The US was looking for change and found it in a Republican Entertainer and Governor Ronald Reagan. • He as a Neo Conservative (removal of government from the lives of people, but a Hawkish foreign policy.) • Biggest tax cuts, program cuts and military spending ever. (in a few short years the US becomes the worlds biggest debtor nation) • The US began to flex its muscles again • Conventional and nuclear arms programs • M1 tank • Apache helicopter • Nimitz class aircraft carriers • Aegis Radar and missile systems • F-18 Hornet, Stealth fighter and bomber • Cruise and Peacekeeper missiles

10. The Reagan Years • In the mid 1980’s Ronald Reagan became president of the USA. • Reagan put all arms control negotiations on hold and proposed a new defense project for America • SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) “Star Wars” would be a defensive shield system in space and ground that would destroy enemy missiles • The USSR neither had the technology or the money to develop to counter this program. • Furthermore, this military program would violate the ABM treaty.

11. From 1979 to 1985 the Superpowers could not achieve a breakthrough in arms control because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and NATO’s nuclear policy. • Reagan called the USSR an “evil empire”

12. 1985-1989 • 1985-1989, the leaders of the USSR and the USA met several times to change the face of the Cold War. • Reagan wanted to erase his anti-communist stance and establish a legacy as a world builder not a destroyer. • Gorbachev had inherited a dysfunctional economy that was threatening to collapse

13. 1985-1989 • The two leaders met in Reykjavik Iceland, in 1986, and laid the ground work for subsequent summit meetings. • These meetings leads to signing of the INF treaty • Reagan retracted the Evil Empire comment • Gorbachev pledged a reduction of conventional forces and the withdrawal of a significant number of troops from Eastern Europe

16. INF TREATY 1987 • On December 8, 1987 Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan signed the INF Treaty – intermediate range nuclear forces treaty in Washington DC. • This treaty called for the destruction of 1600 Soviet missiles • The destruction of US Pershing and Soviet SS-20 missiles and removal of Cruise Missiles from Europe • Two years later Eastern European control collapses. • 1991, the Soviet Union ceases to exist.

17. INF treaty (intermediate nuclear forces) 1987 • Designed to limit the number of IRBM’s and GLCM’s in Europe. • SS-20, Pershing, Cruise Missiles • Originally proposed in 1981, but broke down with the US new aggressive foreign policy. • Treaty was ratified with the elimination of all IRBM’s and GLCM’s (500km-5500km)

18. START treaty -1991 • Talks began in 1982 to reduce the number of long range nuclear weapons held by the superpowers. • START treaty signed in 1991, U.S. and the four Soviet successor states that have weapons covered by START -Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. • Each nation will comply to the agreements set and reduce the number of nuclear weapons

19. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) II • the most recent product of the bilateral arms control track between the United States and the Russian Federation. • Signed by Presidents George Bush and Boris Yeltsin on January 3, 1993, during the summit in Moscow, and The United States Senate ratified the START II treaty on January 26, 1996. • The Russian Bill of Ratification was adopted on April 14, 2000. • Each nation has remained committed to nuclear weapons reduction.

20. The End of the Cold War