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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Digestive System Diseases and Disorders. Anatomy and Physiology. Two main purposes: Change foods into simpler substances Eliminate waste products Alimentary canal Continuous tube running from mouth to anus. Anatomy and Physiology. Accessory organs: Tongue Teeth

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • Two main purposes: • Change foods into simpler substances • Eliminate waste products • Alimentary canal • Continuous tube running from mouth to anus

  3. Anatomy and Physiology • Accessory organs: • Tongue • Teeth • Salivary glands • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Liver

  4. Animation Click Here to Play Digestion Animation

  5. Common Signs and Symptoms • Related to hemorrhage, perforation, and altered motility • Terms identifying bleeding: • Hematemesis • Hematochezia • Melena

  6. Common Signs and Symptoms • Perforation in stomach or intestines causes peritonitis and septicemia • Alteration in motility include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, or constipation

  7. Diagnostic Tests • X-ray • Endoscopic exam • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) • GI series • Barium swallow and enema • Occult blood • Ova and parasites

  8. EGD

  9. Diseases of the Mouth • Dental caries • Disease of teeth due to bacteria on tooth surface • Plaque • Periodontal disease • Affects supporting structures of teeth/gums • Main cause of tooth loss in adults

  10. Diseases of the Mouth • Periodontal disease • Causes: • Poor oral hygiene • Inadequate diet leading to gingivitis • Inflammation of gums • Prevention: • Brushing and flossing • Regular dental care • Adequate diet

  11. Diseases of the Mouth • Mouth cancer • Squamous cell carcinoma of lip • Common oral cancer • Usually on lower lip from exposure to sunlight, chewing tobacco, or pipe/cigar smoking • Treatment: • Radiation • Surgical excision

  12. Cancer of the Lip Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss

  13. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Pharyngitis • Also known as sore throat • Viral or bacterial • Diagnosis by throat culture • If caused by strep, treated with antibiotics

  14. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Inflammation of tissue at end of esophagus • Caused by backflow of stomach acids through cardiac sphincter upward into esophagus

  15. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Symptoms: • Heartburn • Burning sensation in mid-chest or epigastric area • Long-term reflux can lead to bleeding, ulceration, and scarring of esophagus

  16. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Treatment: • Reduce reflux • Avoid large meals • Avoid spicy foods, caffeine, and tight clothing • Take stool softeners

  17. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Treatment: • Take laxatives • Take antacids or other drugs that tighten gastroesophageal sphincter • Sleep with head of bed elevated

  18. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Hiatal hernia • Part of stomach sliding into chest cavity • Increases with age and weakness of cardiac sphincter • May be asymptomatic • But can be related to reflux

  19. Hiatal Hernia

  20. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Esophageal varices • Enlarged, tortuous veins of esophagus • Usually related to liver cirrhosis • Causes: • Excessive alcohol consumption • Hemorrhage • Life-threatening

  21. Diseases of the Stomach • Gastritis • Inflammation of stomach • Symptoms: • Epigastric pain • Bloating • Nausea

  22. Diseases of the Stomach • Gastritis • Causes: • Irritating agents • E.g., aspirin, alcohol, coffee, tobacco, bacterial-laden foods • Helicobacter gastritis caused by small bacteria in stomach lining

  23. Diseases of the Stomach • Gastritis • Diagnosis of helicobacter gastritis by biopsy • Treatment: • Pepto-Bismol • Flagyl • Amoxicillin

  24. Diseases of the Stomach • Peptic ulcer • Found in stomach and duodenum • Caused in part by action of pepsin • Also known as gastric ulcers

  25. Diseases of the Stomach • Peptic ulcer • Treatment: • Reduction of contributory factors • Antacids • Surgery in severe cases

  26. Diseases of the Stomach • Stomach cancer • Affects more males than females • Often goes undiagnosed until metastasizes • Symptoms: • Loss of appetite • General stomach distress • Heartburn

  27. Diseases of the Stomach • Stomach cancer • Treatment: • Surgical resection • Chemotherapy • Radiation • Prognosis good if discovered early

  28. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Malabsorption syndrome • Small intestine unable to absorb nutrients • Difficulty absorbing fats and minerals • Treatment: • Diet therapy • Complication: • Bleeding due to lack of vitamin K absorption

  29. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Regional enteritis • Also known as Crohn’s disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) • Chronic inflammatory disease most commonly affecting small intestine • Characterized by exacerbation and remission

  30. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Regional enteritis • Symptoms: • Anorexia • Flatulence • Abdominal pain • Diarrhea and constipation • Supportive treatment: • Low-residue diet • Medications to control diarrhea, inflammation, infection, and depression

  31. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Inflammation of stomach and intestines • Causes: • Bacteria • Viruses • Parasitic invasion

  32. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Symptoms: • Nausea • Vomiting • Abdominal cramping • Diarrhea • Stomach rumbling • Malaise

  33. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Treatment: • Anti-nausea and anti-diarrheal medications • Antibiotics • Fluids • Nutritional support

  34. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Prevention: • Hand washing prior to food preparation • Proper refrigeration • Avoidance of contaminated food and/or water

  35. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Inguinal hernia • Outpouching of small intestine and peritoneum into groin area • More common in males

  36. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Inguinal hernia • Strangulated hernia if portions of herniated intestine become caught and twisted, cutting off blood supply to organ • Treatment: • Surgical repair

  37. Diseases of the Colon • Appendicitis • Inflammation of appendix • Symptoms: • Abdominal pain that shifts to right lower quadrant (RLQ) • Nausea and vomiting • Fever • Leukocytosis

  38. Diseases of the Colon • Appendicitis • Treatment: • Surgical excision • Hopefully before rupture

  39. Diseases of the Colon • Intestinal obstruction • Inability to move contents through intestine • Blockage in intestine, disease, or ileus • May occur from tumors, hernias, volvulus, adhesions, intussusception, or paralytic obstruction

  40. Volvulus and Intussusception

  41. Diseases of the Colon • Intestinal obstruction • Symptoms: • Mild to severe abdominal pain and distention • Nausea and vomiting • Treatment: • Nasogastric suctioning • Surgery

  42. Diseases of the Colon • Ulcerative colitis • Chronic inflammation of colon • Symptoms: • Lower abdominal pain • Blood in stools • Anemia • Diarrhea

  43. Diseases of the Colon • Ulcerative colitis • Treatment: • Dietary limitations • Stress reduction • Mild sedatives • Anti-inflammatories • Surgery if other treatments unsuccessful

  44. Diseases of the Colon • Irritable bowel syndrome • Also known as spastic colon • Most common intestinal disorder • Inflammation of bowel with chronic lesions • Symptoms: • Abdominal pain • Altered motility • Diarrhea or constipation

  45. Diseases of the Colon • Irritable bowel syndrome • Causes: • Spicy foods and seasonings • Caffeine • Alcohol • Stress • Treatment: • Avoidance of causative factors

  46. Diseases of the Colon • Dysentery • Acute inflammation of colon • Main symptom: • Massive diarrhea with blood, pus, and mucous accompanied by severe abdominal pain • Treatment dependent on cause • But antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infection

  47. Diseases of the Colon • Diverticulosis/diverticulitis • Diverticulosis • Condition of diverticula or little outpouches • Diverticulitis • Outpouches become packed with fecal material and become irritated and inflamed

  48. Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis

  49. Diseases of the Colon • Diverticulosis/diverticulitis • Symptoms: • Lower abdominal pain • Cramping • Treatment: • Antibiotics • Dietary modification

  50. Diseases of the Colon • Colon polyps • Inward projection of mucosal lining of colon • Diagnosis by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy • Suspicious polyps excisionally biopsied

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