RESPONDING TO A MEDICAL EMERGENCY

1. RESPONDING TO A MEDICAL EMERGENCY COACH JACOBS EDITED BY JAKE

2. CPR CPR alone saves only about 5 %; CPR used with a defibrillator can save up to 90 %. Does BSHS have an AED device? If so, do you know where it is located? Design a campaign to increase awareness about the need for an AED.

3. When you encounter a medical emergency: • Look for hazards and remove them. • Determine the cause of injury or nature of illness. • Determine the number of victims. • If the victim is unresponsive, seek medical help. • If the victim is responsive, obtain consent to touch him or her.

4. When you encounter a medical emergency (cont.) • Check the ABC’s (Airway, Breathing, Circulation). • Give first aid for life-threatening conditions. • Seek medical help if not done previously. • Stay with the victim until help arrives. • Do not risk your own safety!

5. What medical conditions should I look for? • If needed and you can do so safely, give life-saving first aid and then obtain medical help if you haven’t done so. • If the person might have a head or spinal injury, DO NOT allow the head or neck to move. • Remain with the person until medical help arrives.

6. How do I know whether to go for help if I am alone with a victim? • How long it might be before someone finds you. • Whether the person will survive if you leave. • Whether the person will survive if you do not obtain medical help. • Do not risk your own safety.

7. What can I do to aid the victim until help arrives? • ABC’s • Airway: Open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. (Make sure tongue is not blocking the airway.) • Breathing: Look for movement of the chest. Listen and feel for air movement by placing your ear and then your cheek at the mouth and nose of the victim. • Circulation: Check pulse in the Carotid artery.

8. How do I check if a person’s airway is obstructed? • If a person is talking or crying, the airway is open. • If the person cannot talk but is alert and aware, the airway might be blocked. • If needed, do abdominal thrusts or the Heimlich.

9. How do I determine if the victim is breathing? • Always ask the victim, “Are you all right?” • Look, Listen, and Feel. • Look for movement of the chest. • Listen and feel for air movement by placing first your ear and then your cheek at the mouth and nose of the victim.

10. How do I check circulation? • Check the pulse in the carotid artery located in the neck. • Do not use your thumb. • Use your middle and index fingers. • Do not take the pulse on both sides of the neck.

11. What if there is no pulse? • If no pulse and no breathing begin CPR if you are certified in this technique and CALL for medical help (911).

12. Can I be held responsible for the death or injuries of the person I am trying to help? • Good Samaritan laws have been designed to encourage people to help others in an emergency. • Laws vary from state to state. • Generally, if you provide help during an emergency, you are protected from lawsuits if you obtain consent, act in good faith, are not paid, use reasonable skill and care, are not negligent (careless), and do not abandon the person.

13. SHOCK • A condition in which some body organs are not getting enough oxygenated blood. • May occur when the heart is not pumping properly, when a considerable amount of blood is lost from the body because of hemorrhaging, dehydration, or a systemic infection, or when nervous system is damaged.

14. SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK • Appear anxious, restless, or combative. • Be lethargic, difficult to arouse, or unconscious. • Have pale, cold, and “clammy” skin. • Become nauseated and vomit. • Experience increased pulse and respiration rates. • Be thirsty. • Have dilated (enlarged) pupils.

15. Treatment for Shock • Check ABC’s and treat victim of any injuries you know how to. • Lay the victim on his/her back. • Raise the legs to 8-12 inches. • Cover the victim with blankets, coats, or other coverings. • Call for medical assistance. • Do not give victim anything to eat or drink.

16. RESCUE BREATHING • An emergency technique in which a rescuer gives air to someone who is not breathing. • A person blows air into the victim’s lungs to give him/her oxygen. • Also called Artificial Respiration or mouth to mouth.

17. How do I help an adult that has stopped breathing? • Tilt head back unless the person appears to have a spinal injury. • If person appears to have a spinal injury, lift the jaw. • Administer breaths. • Check for signs of breathing.

18. ADMINSTER BREATHS BY • Tilt head back and open airway. • Pinch the victim’s nostrils closed and seal your mouth around the victim’s mouth.. • Blow gently into the victim’s mouth and watch for the chest to rise. • Unpinch nostrils and remove your mouth so victim can exhale. • Watch for the chest to fall and listen for air sounds, and feel for a flow of air from the victim’s mouth and nose.

19. Artificial Respiration (cont). 6. If air is getting in, continue breaths, 1 breath every 5 seconds. 7. If no air got in, retilt the head and try again. 8. If air continues not to go in, check for obstruction. 9. Check for signs of breathing.

20. Rescue Breathing for a Child or Infant • Rescue breathing for a young child ages 1-8 years or for an infant is performed as an adult, with these exceptions. • Tilt head of child less than the head of an adult, and the head of an infant less than the head of a child. • If an infant, seal your mouth around its mouth and nose. • Each rescue breath should last only 1 second rather than 2 seconds for an adult. BLOW GENTLY AND SLOWLY using enough air to make the chest rise (puffs). • Breathe into child/infant 1 breath every 3 seconds.

21. How do I know when to stop rescue breathing? • After performing rescue breathing for 1 minute, look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing. • If the victim is breathing on his or her own, stop rescue breathing. • If not, continue rescue breathing until the victim is breathing on his/her own; medical help arrives; the scene becomes unsafe, or a Doctor pronounces the person dead.

22. THREE MINUTE PAUSE

23. WHAT IS CPR? • Cardiopulmonary (heart-lung) Resuscitation. • A life-saving technique that combines rescue breathing and chest compressions. • During CPR, the rescuer performs the job of the heart, artificially pumping blood to the body. The pumping helps move oxygenated blood around the body.

24. What is the difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest? • A heart attack is the damage and loss of function of the heart muscle. • Heart attack occurs when part of the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen. • As the heart muscle dies, it may cause cardiac arrest. • A cardiac arrest is a sudden stoppage of effective heart action.

25. CARDIAC ARREST • During cardiac arrest, heart muscle contractions may be rapid and irregular or stop altogether. • Electrical shock, drug overdose, chest trauma, drowning, and suffocation could cause cardiac arrest.

26. SYMPTOMS OF CARDIAC ARREST • Unconscious. • NO pulse. • No signs of circulation.

27. Signs of Circulation • Warm skin. • Pinkness of nail beds. • If the nail beds or skin are blue-gray or if the skin is cool, circulation may be poor or may have stopped.

28. What should I do if a person is in Cardiac Arrest? • A person can die within minutes from cardiac arrest. • Get medical help immediately. • Perform CPR if certified.

29. How do I give CPR to an adult? Only give CPR to a victim in cardiac arrest and only if you are certified. • Open and clear the airway. • Give 2 slow rescue breaths. • Perform Chest Compressions. • Check for signs of circulation and breathing.

30. OPEN AIRWAY • Do this by tilting the head and back and lifting the chin. • Remove any objects or vomit blocking the throat.

31. Give 2 Slow Breaths Be sure to pinch nose and seal your mouth around the victim’s mouth. (Look, Listen, Feel.)

32. Perform Chest Compressions • Place heel of one hand in the center of the victim’s chest between the nipples and place the heel of the other hand on he back of the first. • Depress the chest 11/2 to 2 inches. • Give 30 chest compressions to every 2 breaths. • Repeat 5 cycles of 30 compressions to every 2 breaths. • 80-100 compressions every minute.

33. Check for Signs of Circulation and Breathing • After 5 cycles of compressions and breaths (about 1 minute), check the carotid pulse and other signs of circulation and breathing. • When checking for circulation, check to see if victim is turning blue! • If the victim still has no pulse, continue with cycles of compression and breathing, rechecking the signs of circulation every few minutes. • Continue until medical help arrive or until you are able to continue.

34. When an adult has a sudden cardiac arrest, his or her survival depends greatly on immediately getting CPR from someone nearby. Unfortunately, less than 1/3 of those people who experience a cardiac arrest at home, work or in a public location get that help. Most bystanders are worried that they might do something wrong or make things worse. That’s why the AHA has simplified things. CPR. A lifesaving action.

35. Hands-Only CPR • Studies of real emergencies that have occurred in homes, at work or in public locations, show that these two steps, called Hands-Only CPR, can be as effective as conventional CPR. Providing Hands-Only CPR to an adult who has collapsed from a sudden cardiac arrest can more than double that person’s chance of survival.

36. When an adult suddenly collapses, trained or untrained bystanders – that means a person near the victim – should: 1) Call 911 2) Push hard and fast in the center of the chest. Two steps for Hands-OnlyCPR:

37. http://handsonlycpr.eisenberginc.com/fun_stuff.html Click on this web site to see a video on Hands-Only CPR

38. The American Heart Association has determined that 250,000 people die each year from cardiac arrest. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most common arrhythmia that causes cardiac arrest. Defibrillation is the only known treatment for VF. AED

39. Due to the introduction of a new generation of defibrillators, called automated external defibrillators (AED's), it is possible for lay rescuers to deliver defibrillation. The new AED's are safe, effective, lightweight, low maintenance, easy to use and relatively inexpensive (about $2000). MORE ON AED’s

40. A microprocessor inside the defibrillator interprets (analyzes) the victim's heart rhythm through adhesive electrodes (some AED models require you to press an ANALYZE button). The computer analyzes the heart rhythm and advises the operator whether a shock is needed. AEDs advise a shock only to ventricular fibrillation and fast ventricular tachycardia. The electric current is delivered through the victim's chest wall through adhesive electrode pads. How Do AED's Work?

41. How Do I Give CPR to a Child or Infant? • Tilt head to open and clear the airway. • Give 2 slow breaths. (For a child, pinch the nostrils and seal your mouth around the child’s mouth. For an infant, seal your mouth around the infant’s mouth and nose.) • Perform chest compressions. (For a child, place the heel of 1 hand in the center of the child’s chest depressing chest 1 inch. For an infant, use the middle and index fingers depressing chest ½ to 1 inch.)

42. CPR on Child/Infant 4. Check for signs of circulation and breathing. • Check pulse in Carotid artery for a child and the Brachial artery in an infant. • Repeat cycle of 5 chest compressions to 1 slow rescue breath.

43. CERTIFICATION • You will not be certified in this Health Class. • In order to become certified, contact your local American Heart Association or Red Cross and register for a class.

44. THREE MINUTE PAUSE

45. The end! REFERNCE: GLENCOE HEALTH