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Scientific Innovations, Inc. Joseph Brondo President and CEO Brookhaven National Laboratory

Inc. Innovations. S CIENTIFIC. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING MONO-ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS. Scientific Innovations, Inc. Joseph Brondo President and CEO Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, P.I. Naval Surface Warfare Center

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Scientific Innovations, Inc. Joseph Brondo President and CEO Brookhaven National Laboratory

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  1. Inc. Innovations SCIENTIFIC SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING MONO-ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS Scientific Innovations, Inc. Joseph Brondo President and CEO Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, P.I. Naval Surface Warfare Center March 2, 2005

  2. Objectives • A full scale demonstration system for resonance technology for explosives and IED detection in transmission and standoff modes. • Demonstration of simultaneous detection of explosives and nuclear materials. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  3. Physics –Radiation Interaction with Matter Gamma Resonance Technology, GRT is based on resonance interaction of gamma radiation with a specific level in a nucleus of an element of interest, e.g., N, O, Cl, and detection of the transmitted incident radiation or that induced by nuclear fluorescence. Photo-Fission Technology, PFT is based on nuclear absorption of energetic gamma rays that above threshold energy induce fission in fissile materials, e.g., U-235, Pu-239, Th-232, and subsequent detection of the emitted delayed neutrons. High-Z Detection Technology, HZT is based on attenuation of dual or triple high energy gamma beams and solving simultaneous transmission equations for resolving high- and low-z materials. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  4. Simultaneous inspection for explosives and nuclear materials • Monoenergetic high energy gamma rays ~ 10 MeV • High throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr/station) • Specific signature for explosives • Fully automated decision making • Single source can feed multiple inspection stations • Low false alarm rate (<5%) • No residual activation or site contamination • Elemental 3-D imaging capability Basic Characteristics SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  5. Public Safety • Accelerator produces low energy x-rays. • Target produces only gamma radiation, no neutrons. • Shielded highly collimated beam. • Dose to image N in human body 0.026 mrem. • Dose to stowaway will be considerable lower. • Gamma flux is two to three orders of magnitude • lower than for VACIS or CT systems. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  6. Resonance cross section is given by the Breit-Wigner formula: abi (E-ER)2 + 2/4 where g is a statistical factor given by: abi = 2g 2J + 1 g = (2s + 1)(2i + 1) Gamma Resonance Technology, GRT SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  7. Resonant and non-resonant cross-sections in 14N (barn/atom) Incident 9.17 MeV spectrum and its attenuation by a 10 cm thick dynamite slab Net nitrogen = total attenuation attenuation non-resonant attenuation Incident 9.17 MeV Spectrum Non-resonant attenuation Arbitrary units Totalattenuation Deviation from resonant energy (eV) Resonance Attenuation It is possible to measure simultaneously the resonant and non resonant gamma ray fluxes. The ratio of the two identifies the explosive At 9.17 MeV gamma ray resonance attenuation is about four times higher than the non resonant radiation. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  8. Target Accelerator Protons Scattering Detectors Object Scattered Beam Transmitted Beam Transmission Detectors Gamma Resonance Technology, GRT A low energy proton beam hits a dedicated target and produces resonance gamma rays. These interact resonantly with N or Cl encountered in the explosive. Monitoring the transmitted and the scattered beams, with the transmission and scattering detectors, respectively, allows analysis and imaging of the elements of interest. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  9. 13C target 1.75 MeV protons 80.66o 0.75o aperture Resonance Gamma Ray Broadening Gamma-rays from the de-excitation of 14N* (9.17 MeV) following proton capture via 13C(p,)14N reaction (1.75 MeV resonance) • Resonant gamma-rays are emitted atα =80.66oto the beam, whereDE(Doppler) = 2 x nuclear-recoil • The 9.17 MeV emission line is broadened to~520eV • Contributions to line broadening are: • Nuclear level width –128 eV • Proton beam resolution –few-eV per keVbeam spread • Proton beam optics – typically ~100 eV • Doppler vibrations of target nuclei –40-80 eV • Atomic excitations concomitant with (p, ) –480 eV SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  10. Recoil Doppler E = (E - E2/Mc2)(1 + (v/c)cos) Gamma Beams E  ~10 MeV Proton Accelerator  Inspected Object Target Detectors ~2 MeV, 10 mA (p,)  E4  ~ 80.66° Δ ~ 0.75° System Main Components SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  11. Single system feeds simultaneously four inspection stations at one location. Single system feeds alternatively three inspection locations. Multiplicity of Inspection Stations SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  12. Two compact accelerators (can be expanded to four) attached to a single power supply occupy a very small footprint. With a flexible cable they can be placed in any arbitrary configuration. Compact Accelerator Footprint SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  13. Accelerator Specifications High Voltage ~2 MV Beam Current 10 mA per head Energy Stability (including ripple) ±1 keV Beam Intensity Stability ±5% Normalized Emittance <6 mm-mrad in each plane Electron suppression on column reduce x-ray radiation Energy regulation based on 90 deg. double- focusing magnet and slit system Auxiliary voltage regulation based on generating voltmeter Ripple detection based on capacitive pick-up Beam diagnostics two beam profiles monitors, two Faraday cups with electrometer Operation and display digital, PC controlled SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  14. Accelerator Auxiliary Systems Dimensions: ICT power supply height ~ 3 m - Ø ~ 2.2 m Accelerator head height ~ 2.5 m - Ø ~ 1.5 m Total weight ~ 10 tons Power requirement: ~25 kVA per head (there are 100 kvA PS) Water cooling ~ 50 litres/minute for ICT ~ 30 litres/minute for beam head ~ 20 kW Capacitor bank : ~ 1 meter (H) x 1 meter (L) x 1 meter (d) Regulator : ~ 2 m (H) x 1 m (L) x 1.50 m (d) -  Electrical distribution board : ~ 2 m (H) x 1.60 m (L) x 0.40 m (d) Consoles for control : ~ 1.80 m (H) x 0.60 m (L) x 0.80 m (d) SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  15. Accelerator Operation Hydrogen gas refilling, annually Target unknown ECR ion source inspected annually PC Controlled 7/24 operation automated unattended Tube 5000 h beam time Minimal training SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  16. PC Controlled SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  17. Detectors Linear array of: NaI, Resonance Detectors Bulk Detection: Liquid Scintillator Sandwich Detectors SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  18. Alpha Prototype Beta Prototype Accelerator Configurations SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  19. Potential Field Deployment SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  20. Detectors Using four ramps may inspect simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Times extrapolated from experiments) Stacked Containers Resonance Gamma Beam Target 8’ 21’ 18’ 36’ Potential Field Deployment SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  21. Applications Can be engineered into a transportable, readily deployable system SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  22. Nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous objects placed in a beam. Experiments carried out by Nahal Soreq Group Images: Out of resonance In resonance GRT: Proof-of-Principle SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  23. Six explosives were hidden in a LD-3 container loaded with a mixed cargo. NRC Nahal Soreq group carried out these experiments using resonance detectors for nitrogen detection. Two images are created simultaneously. The upper image shows a regular gamma transmission radiograph. The lower image shows nitrogen image that clearly identifies the explosives. GRT: Demonstration on LD-3 SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  24. 3He Neutron Detector Nuclear material present Region of Interest Accelerator Pulses MCS No nuclear material present PC with Acquisition Program Analysis Program Time after pulse Experiments carried out at INEEL PFT: Proof-of-Principle SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  25. Φ(E,x) Φ(x) Monoenergetic versus Bremsstrahlung Photofission Emax n = dr3(E,x)N(x,t)(E)dE Ethres En= Ephoton - Ethres SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  26. Low- High- Z Separation (Dual Energy Absorptiometry) Materials with the same optical thickness as 1000 g of U at 5 MeV can be separated using dual high energy gamma beams SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  27. n Gamma Resonance Counts N0-kN0= n√N0 2 n 1-k k = exp(-d) N0= N’=kN0 N0 Experimental Values Resonance Mass Attenuation (Nres) 0.05 cm2/g Resonance Count Rate 0.04 pC/sA Non-Resonance Count Rate 0.80 eC/sA Cluster Analysis SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  28. Estimated scanning times based on 3 sigma confidence level Cont- Explosive Explosive Time/ Scan ainer Dimensions Mass Slice Time cm g s min LD3* 20x20x0.5 300 8 10 LD3 5x5x5 190 1.4 1.75 C# 10x10x10 1500 1.8 3.66a CRp 200 C/s(5mA) * 153x156x163 cm3, Max. 1588 kg,  0.4 g/cc, Att. Factor 4 # 8’x8’x20’, 246x246x610 cm3, Max. 20000 kg,  0.54 g/cc, Att. Factor 12 Scanning Times SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  29. Possible Locations SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  30. Stand Off - Attenuation in Air Photon energy distribution in- and out- of resonance impinging upon a single detector after traversing 50 m of air, using 10 eV wide scoring beans the additional attenuation due to resonance cross section is clearly visible. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  31. HMX and Air Parameters Source emission Φ0: 270 /s/cm2/mA at distance of 1 m Cotton density: 0.3 g/cm3, (C6H10O5)n, / = 0.0219 cm2/g HMX: 1.9 g/cm3, (C4H8N8O8), / = 0.0216 cm2/g on resonance / = 0.0623 cm2/g Detector: BaF2, 4.89 g/cm3 Air (weight fraction): 14N 0.755, 16O 0.232, Air Density: 0.001225 g/cm3 Air Attenuation: off resonance / = 0.021 cm2/g, N Attenuation on resonance / = 0.052 cm2/g, (exp) SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  32. Stand Off Distance Considerations Φ0 - 270 /s/cm2/mA at distance of 1 m, Δ ~ 0.75° SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  33. Stand Off Angular Considerations • It is conceivable to measure gamma radiation resulting from the nuclear fluorescence. • The backward angles are preferable over forward angles due to reduced Compton background. SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  34. Stand Off Considerations SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  35. Unilateral System SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  36. Heart measurement of a Thalasemia subject. Oven to heat the source to about 1050º C. Nuclear Fluorescence to Measure Fe SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  37. Detection of Roadside Explosives SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  38. RD -Resonance Detectors Container #1 NRD -Non-Resonance Detectors Proton Accelerator NFD -Nuclear Fluorescence Detectors Container #2 ND -Neutron Detectors High Voltage Generator NFD Container #3 Proton Accelerator ND Container #4 NRD RD NRD CERBERUS Multiple Uses of the Basic System Future expansion of the basic unit by adding various detection systems and accelerators to the same high voltage generator SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  39. Current Location at BNL The System Has Been Located at BNL in Bldg. 945 9 4 5 SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  40. Technology Readiness Accelerator: ECR Ion Source T9 ICT Power Supply T9 Target T5 Accelerator Integration T5 Detectors: Conventional T9 Resonance T5 Sandwich T5 System Integration T5 SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  41. Department of Transportation (DoT) • FAA • Explosives Detection in Cargo • Checked baggage inspection Resonance Technology • Scanning trucks/vehicles Force Protection (DoD) • Military Bases • Counter-terrorism • Explosives Detection in Vehicles US Customs • Border Control Warhead/Rocket QC (DoD) • Seaports • Crack & Void Detection • Explosives / Drug Detection • Mixture Quality in Large Containers • 24% Rejection / Shelf Life Medical Research • Neutron Capture Therapy Environmental Cleanup (DoD) ) • Whole Body Composition • Unexploded Ordnance Detection • Mine Field Clearance EDS-GRT: Potential Users SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  42. System Integration & Evaluation Single Stage Accelerator Experiments & Demonstration Targets Detectors System Engineering Scanning System Documentation 0 8 12 16 Month 4 Possible Time Table SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  43. ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR • ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR • Budget: • Labor (3FTE) 357,415.00 • Riggers (3x4) 7,200.00 • Accelerator lease 750,000.00 • Subcontracts • SII 750,000.00 • NRC 100,000.00 • Target 100,000.00 • Miscellaneous 200,000.00 • (SF6, chiller, shielding, • Radiation monitors, • Radiation security, transport line) • Total Direct $2,264,615.00 • Total Indirect $614,555.00 • Total $2,879,170.00 SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

  44. Next Generation EDS SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

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