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Minerals

Minerals. What is a Mineral?. Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure. Pyromorphite. What do all minerals have in common?. All: Are formed by natural processes. Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive = Inorganic Have a definite volume and shape = Solid

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Minerals

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  1. Minerals

  2. What is a Mineral? • Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure Pyromorphite

  3. What do all minerals have in common? All: • Are formed by natural processes. • Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive = Inorganic • Have a definite volume and shape = Solid • Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup • Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL)

  4. 32 0 Minerals are comprised of one or more • Colors • Elements • Rocks • Structures

  5. 0 of 32 All minerals share the following characteristics except • Being formed by natural process • Being formed from living organisms • Being solids • Having the atoms within the mineral arranged in a pattern

  6. Naturally Occurring • Formed by natural processes not in the laboratory - Is an Ice Cube a mineral? - Is the ice on the windshield of a car a mineral? Is Ice a mineral??? How is a mineral like a cake?

  7. Uses of Minerals • Ore – a mineral that contains a substance that can be sold for a profit • Examples: Hematite is the ore of Iron Bauxite is the ore of Aluminum, Rutile is the ore of Titanium (strong and light) • Mining: ores are only profitable if the cost of mining them is less than the value of the material being mined • Waste rock has to be removed which can be expensive and harmful to environment

  8. Gems • Rarity and beauty makes them valuable • Used for jewelry and are cut/polished and sometimes don’t resemble the raw form • Additives give them a brighter color

  9. 10 A valuable mineral that is rare and prized for its beauty is called • Ore • A gem • An element • A silicate

  10. 10 For a mineral to be considered an ore, it must • Not produce pollution during production • Be a common mineral • Be naturally occurring • Generate a profit for its production

  11. Fastest Responders (in seconds)

  12. 10 Seconds Remaining When gold is smelted down to make jewelry, is it still a mineral? • Yes • No • Gold is not a mineral

  13. How do minerals form? • 1) Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals inside the earth (from the mantle)) • Fast Cooling = No Crystals (mineraloids) • Medium Cooling = small crystals • Slow Cooling = large crystals

  14. 2. Evaporation of water • Can leave behind minerals (Dead Sea Salt)

  15. 3. Temperature & Pressure • Atoms rearrange to form a more compact mineral • Ex Talc and muscovite 4. Hydrothermal solutions • A very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances (100oC – 300oC) • Ex Bornite and chalcopyrite (sulfer minerals)

  16. Where Do Minerals Come From? Magma – crystallization Evaporation -- Precipitation

  17. 10 Crystallization from cooling magma describes one way that • atoms bond. • ions combine. • protons attract electrons. • minerals form.

  18. 10 If magma cools slowly the resulting crystals will be • Small • Large • Different sizes • No crystals will form

  19. 10 What process causes dissolved substances to be left behind to form minerals after water in lakes or ponds evaporates? • precipitation • ionization • condensation • sublimation

  20. 10 0 of 32 Sugar is not a mineral because • It is sweet • It is organic • It is inorganic • It is not a crystal

  21. Groups of Minerals • Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Beryl (Emerald) Calcite Amethyst

  22. MICA Quartz

  23. Silver Copper Diamond Gold Iron Ruby

  24. 10 Major groups of minerals include • Protons and neutrons. • ions and isotopes. • silicates and non-silicates. • inorganic and organics.

  25. 10 Which group of minerals is made up of the Earths crust most abundant elements? • Non silicates • Silicates • Native elements • Sulfides

  26. 10 Is glacier ice considered a mineral? • Yes • No • Only if made from bottle water

  27. Physical Properties of Minerals(can be used to identify the mineral) Color • Can be misleadingThe Worst way to identify a mineral.Can vary with the type of impurities All types of Quartz

  28. Luster • Surface reflection • metallic = shiny like metal • non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface Pyrite has a metallic luster Calcite has a non-metallic luster

  29. Streak • The color of the powdered form of the mineral • The color of the streak can be different than the mineral • Minerals must be softer than the streak plate

  30. Streak…can help identify quartz BUT...

  31. VOTE Some minerals have a dull earthy appearance. This describes the • Texture • Fracture • Color • Luster

  32. 0 of 32 When identifying a mineral, __________ is the least reliable property • Color • Fracture • Streak • Luster

  33. Fastest Responders (in seconds)

  34. :10 Which term is used to describe the color of a powdered mineral? • Luster • Streak • Cleavage • Fracture

  35. Cleavage & Fracture • The way the mineral breaks • Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape • Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

  36. 1. 4. 3. 2. Cleavage or Fracture?

  37. Crystal Form the shape of the minerals structure. Common crystal shapes- Hexagonal Cubic

  38. How easily a mineral scratches materials Mohs Hardness Scale Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file) Hardness

  39. 9 10 Mohs Mineral Hardness Scale Softest 1) Talc 2) Gypsum 3) Calcite 4) Flourite 5) Apatite 6) Feldspar 7) Quartz 8) Topaz 9) Corundum 10) Diamond 1 5 2 6 3 7 Hardest 4 8

  40. 0 of 32 Calcite will scratch gypsum. This is an example of what property? • Hardness • Streak • Fracture • Cleavage

  41. Fastest Responders (in seconds)

  42. 10 _________ is classified as the softest mineral on Mohs Hardness scale. • Talc • Diamond • Calcite • Quartz

  43. :10 What is the hardness of an unknown mineral that scratches Apatite, but will not scratch quartz? • 5.0 • 7.5 • 6.0 • 8.0

  44. 10 Minerals, such as quartz, that break along jagged edges are said to have • Cleavage • Fracture • Density • Special properties

  45. :10 A mineral that breaks in flat even sheets exhibits __________. • fracture • streak • cleavage • fusion

  46. Other Properties • Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity) • Attraction to magnets • Bending of light • Reaction with hydrochloric acid • Smell (sulfer) • Taste (saltly) • Density

  47. 10 Which of the following is a property of minerals? • age • odor • hardness • size

  48. 0 of 32 The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water is • Mass • Specific density • Specific gravity • Volume

  49. Common objects made of minerals • Common objects made of minerals http://www.thesciencequeen.net/MID%20Flowchart.htm

  50. http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/a1.html • Let’s test it out!

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