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What are we measuring ?

Vail PWOC Seminar 2004. What are we measuring ?. Turbidity! Suspended Solids! Density!. Hi Y’all !. MLSS RAS WAS TSS ??? So, what do we want to measure?. The concentration of solids in suspension !. Not turbidity. Not density. Basic Technology. Applied in water and wastewater

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What are we measuring ?

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  1. Vail PWOC Seminar 2004 What are we measuring ? Turbidity! Suspended Solids! Density! Robert Lagrange

  2. Hi Y’all ! Robert Lagrange

  3. MLSS • RAS • WAS • TSS • ??? So, what do we want to measure? Robert Lagrange

  4. The concentration of solids in suspension ! Not turbidity Not density Robert Lagrange

  5. Basic Technology Applied in water and wastewater • Optical • Measure suspended solids • Somewhat sensitive to color • Somewhat sensitive to bubbles • Limited in the high concentration ranges • Most typical technology with multiple designs Robert Lagrange

  6. Basic technology Applied only in wastewater • Ultrasounds • Measure suspended solids • Insensitive to color • Extremely sensitive to bubbles • Some sensitivity to dissolved solids • Microwave • Measure density • Insensitive to color • Sensitive to particle apparent volume • Limited to 12” Robert Lagrange

  7. Basic technology Applied only in wastewater • Coriolis Mass Flow • Measure density • Insensitive to color • Sensitive to change in dissolved solids • Limited to 10” • Nuclear • Measure density • Insensitive to color • Non contacting • Sensitive to changes in dissolved solids • Require special mounting for accuracy • Require license Robert Lagrange

  8. Optical: Basics What is turbidity? Turbidity is the phenomenom where a specific portion of a light beam passing through a liquid is deflected from its original direction. It is called light scattering. Robert Lagrange

  9. Classic photometric system Cechi Disc Jackson Robert Lagrange

  10. Turbidity and Suspended Solids Robert Lagrange

  11. Signal on 180 degrees detector Intensity Concentration Robert Lagrange

  12. Signal on 90 degrees detector Intensity Concentration Robert Lagrange

  13. Basics • The scattering of light depends on: • The type of particles • The size of particles • The concentration (the number of particles) • The shape of the particles • The wavelength of the radiated light Robert Lagrange

  14. The reflections are a function of the type, size, and shape of the particles Incident beam Scattered light Robert Lagrange

  15. Formazine BaCO3 Digested sludge Primary sludge 1ppm=1mg/l NTU Silicon dioxide Dry matter ppm Turbidity as a function of solids concentration Robert Lagrange

  16. Electro magnetic spectra nm 900 Infrared area ( > 800 nm ) 800 700 600 Visible light 500 400 300 200 The use of infrared light reduces the sensitivity to color 100 10 Robert Lagrange

  17. EPA approved turbidity meter Robert Lagrange

  18. ISO 7027 method • Scattered light 90° • Wavelength 860nm • Reference: Formazin • Units: NTU / FNU (Formazin Nephelometric Units) Robert Lagrange

  19. ISO based design Emitted light Receiver 1 Receiver 2 Cleaning mechanism Robert Lagrange

  20. Principle detector 1 detector 2 infrared LED detector 3 How does it work? Robert Lagrange

  21. Turbidity/Suspended solids Sensor verification Robert Lagrange

  22. Light emission Note for installation Robert Lagrange

  23. Effect of wall distance and type on the measurement NTU 20 Dark wall(non-reflecting) 10 Bright wall(reflecting) [inch] 4 10 15 Notes for installation Robert Lagrange

  24. I0 csample I d Attenuation of light Attenuation of light by solid particles based on Beer- Lambert’s Law I0: Emitted Light intensity I: Transmitted Light intensity E: Attenuation e: Attenuation coefficient (function of wavelength and particle size) d: Path length of light through the sample c: Solids’ concentration of the sample Robert Lagrange

  25. 1 dshort LED A Detector A dlong 2 Open sample volume 3 dlong LED B Detector B 4 dshort 4-beam-pulsed-light-technology • Time 1: • LED A send light through the sample beam 1 to detector A and simultaneously beam 2 to detector B • Ratio of detectors’ intensity independent of source intensity • Time 2: • LED B send light through the sample beam 3 to detector A and simultaneously beam 4 to detector B • Ratio of detectors’ intensity independent of source intensity • Ratio of ratios is independent of detectors within physical limits Robert Lagrange

  26. Optical sensor Robert Lagrange

  27. Ball valve Sensors Holder with cleaning Turbidity / suspended solids Robert Lagrange

  28. By-pass with degassing Must be calibrated with vessel By-pass Turbidity: from raw water to treated water • In-line • Tanks • Pipes Robert Lagrange

  29. Gas bubbles 50 – 80% of the mistakes in suspended solids measurement Influentials Robert Lagrange

  30. Select the installation point Robert Lagrange

  31. Select the installation point Robert Lagrange

  32. Transmitter installation Robert Lagrange

  33. In-line positioning Robert Lagrange

  34. Ultrasonic Suspended Solids Robert Lagrange

  35. Microwave Density Robert Lagrange

  36. w = A n g u l a r v e l o c i t y F = C o r i o l i s f o r c e C F D j = P h a s e s h i f t w w A , B = P i c k - u p s A B y = A m p l i t u d e y t = T i m e A B t D j D j ~ F ~ m C Coriolis Mass Flow Robert Lagrange

  37. QSSIA D2-15 LSLI B1-05 Solids QSSI FIR FIR B1-04 B1-08 B1-03 UC Solids M Timer B1-09 Primary clarification Optical Ultrasonic Nuclear Microwave Mass flow Density or suspended solids concentration? Robert Lagrange Detect upset, floating sludge

  38. UC FI* QNH4I NH3 D3-05 D2-13 * in case of further treatment QPHI D2-07 QTRIR* D3-06 QDOIRC QSLIRC QSSIA QSSIR FIC UC TI FI FI D2-05 D2-01 D2-11 D2-04 D2-03 D3-03 D3-01 D3-01 A6-05 FI D2-09 QSSIR UC Manual D3-02 PI D3-07 D2-08 PI PI D2-02 D3-04 Manual Nitrification Robert Lagrange

  39. SRT or Dynamic Sludge Age? Jon Bolmstedt Master thesis Lund, November 2000 Robert Lagrange

  40. Dynamic Sludge Age or SRT? Based on the equation the sludge age changes as soon as the flow of waste activated sludge changes. Not quite true ! Robert Lagrange

  41. SRT or Dynamic Sludge Age? SRT Dynamic Sludge Age WAS Flow Robert Lagrange

  42. UC FI* QNH4I NH3 D3-05 D2-13 * in case of further treatment QPHI D2-07 QTRIR* D3-06 QDOIRC QSLIRC QSSIA QSSIR FIC UC TI FI FI D2-05 D2-03 D2-04 D3-01 D2-01 D3-01 D3-03 D2-11 A6-05 FI D2-09 QSSIR UC Manual D3-02 PI MLSS D3-07 D2-08 PI PI D2-02 D3-04 Manual Nitrification Optical the best choice Like to keep it within limits, key for SRT Robert Lagrange

  43. UC FI* QNH4I NH3 D3-05 D2-13 * in case of further treatment QPHI D2-07 Blanket Level QTRIR* D3-06 QDOIRC QSLIRC QSSIA QSSIR FIC UC TI FI FI D2-05 D2-03 D2-04 D3-01 D3-01 D2-01 D2-11 D3-03 A6-05 FI D2-09 QSSIR UC Manual D3-02 PI D3-07 D2-08 PI PI D2-02 D3-04 Manual Nitrification Optical Ultrasonic Parameter to define dynamic sludge age Profiling shows settability and detect floating sludge Robert Lagrange

  44. UC FI* QNH4I NH3 D3-05 D2-13 * in case of further treatment QPHI D2-07 QTRIR* D3-06 Effl. SS QDOIRC QSLIRC QSSIA QSSIR FIC UC TI FI FI D2-05 D3-01 D2-03 D3-01 D2-01 D2-11 D2-04 D3-03 A6-05 FI D2-09 QSSIR UC WAS Flow RAS Flow Manual D3-02 PI RAS D3-07 D2-08 PI PI D2-02 D3-04 Manual Nitrification Pre-warning of upset Parameters to define dynamic sludge age Robert Lagrange

  45. LI C2-02 QPO4I FIR UC C2-03 C2-04 C2-10 FI C2-01 LSLI C2-12 QTRI C2-06 LI LI LI QTRIA LI C2-05 C2-05 C2-05 C2-08 C2-09 dP PI C2-11 Filtration Which parameter is best to decide to start backwash? Time? Pressure drop? Turbidity? Robert Lagrange

  46. LI C2-02 QPO4I FIR UC C2-03 C2-04 C2-10 FI C2-01 LSLI C2-12 QTRI C2-06 LI LI LI QTRIA LI C2-05 C2-05 C2-05 C2-08 C2-09 dP PI C2-11 Turbidity Filtration Optical Remove gas bubbles Degassing Or Pressurization May be forced to use EPA approved method. Robert Lagrange

  47. By-pass with de-aeration Pressurized by-pass Reclaimed water with air bubble Robert Lagrange

  48. FI C2-01 LSLI C2-12 QTRI C2-06 LI LI LI QTRIA LI C2-05 C2-05 C2-05 C2-08 C2-09 dP PI C2-11 Filtration backwash Where money can be saved Robert Lagrange

  49. Ultrasonic Sensors FI C2-01 LSLI C2-12 QTRI C2-06 LI LI LI QTRIA LI C2-05 C2-05 C2-05 C2-08 C2-09 dP Bed Expans. PI C2-11 Filtration backwash: bed expansion Ultrasonic blanket level Defines washing efficiency Robert Lagrange

  50. FI C2-01 LSLI C2-12 QTRI C2-06 LI LI LI Turbidity QTRIA LI C2-05 C2-05 C2-05 C2-08 C2-09 dP PI C2-11 Filtration backwash Optical cleaning is important Defines how clean is the media Robert Lagrange

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