Why did the cold war end?

1. Why did the cold war end?

2. Why did the cold war end? The Collapse of the Warsaw Pact

3. The Sinatra Doctrine 1989, Gorbachev rejects the Brezhnev Doctrine and decides that as part of restructuring communism (Perestroika) he would not interfere in other countries which would allow communist countries to go their own way and make there own decisions.

4. Hungary 1988 Gorbachev accepts and allows Hungary to become a multi party state. The Red Army leaves Hungary. Hungary opens its borders with Austria, creating a hole in the Iron Curtain. 1990- Free elections are held, anti communist alliance wins. Most important?

5. Poland 1989 Poland elects the first non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe, following widespread strikes throughout the country. The first to break away

6. Czechoslovakia 1989 Demonstrations against the communist government leads to the government resigning. First non-communist president elected since 1948. Democratic elections held and won by an alliance of anti communist groups.

7. East Germany 1989 Most Symbolic? Oct- Gorbachev tells East Germany that the Red Army will not stop demonstrations. 23 Oct- 300,000 people protest in Leipzig. 4 Nov- One million people protest in East Berlin. 9 Nov- Berlin wall is opened, over 1 million people pass through. 1991- Germany is officially one country again.

8. Romania 1990 Most violent? 16 Dec 1989- Secret police fire on demonstrators. 21 Dec 1989- Huge crowds boo the leader Ceausescu, he flees but is later captured. Dec 22-24- Army Joins the rebellion and turns on the secret police- hundreds are killed. Dec 25- Ceausescu and his wife are put in front of a firing squad and shot. 1990- Democratic elections held, National Front Salvation Front. This contains many ex-communists.

9. How to make a judgement

10. Why did the cold war end? • The Collapse of the Warsaw Pact

11. Sample: ( a) Describe one decision made about nuclear weapons in the Intermediate Nuclear Forces treaty, 1987 (2) ( bi) Briefly explain the key features of the Helsinki Agreements, 1975(6) or (bii) Briefly explain the key features of the Olympic boycotts, 1980-1984(6) (c) Explain why summit conferences were important in improving relations between the USA and the USSR in the years 1985-89. June 2010 ( a) Describe one reason why the USA boycotted the Moscow Olympic Games, 1980. (2) (bi) Briefly explain the key features of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 1987 (6) or (bii) Briefly explain the key features of the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1991.(6) (c) Explain why relations between the USA and the USSR changed in the years 1981-1985. (12)

12. January 2011 (a)Describe one decision made about human rights in the Helsinki Agreements (1975) (2) (bi)Briefly explain the key features of the summit conferences between the Superpowers in the years 1985 – 1988 (6) or (bii)Briefly explain the key features of the collapse of the Soviet Union in the years 1989 – 1991 (6) ( c) Explain why relations between the USA and the Soviet Union changed in the years 1979-83 (12) June 2011 (a) Describe one reaction of the USA to the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. (2) (bi)Briefly explain the key features of détente in the years 1972-1975. (6) or (bii)Briefly explain the key features of the loosening Soviet grip on eastern Europe in 1989. (6) (c) Explain why relations between the USA and the Soviet Union changed in the years 1983-1987. (12)

13. Why did the cold war end? • The Cost of Star Wars. • Economic and political instability in the Soviet Union. • Roles of Gorbachev and Reagan. • Perestroika and Glasnost. • Geneva, Reykjavik, INF, CFE and START. • The Collapse of the Warsaw Pact.