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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt. Pre-Dynastic Period (5000 BCE) through Decadent Period (642 CE). Pre-Dynastic Egypt 5000 - 3100 BCE. Origins are connected with Agricultural Revolution (5000 BCE) Irrigation methods developed Beginnings of establishment of provinces or nomes Each nome ruled by a nomarch

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Ancient Egypt

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  1. Ancient Egypt Pre-Dynastic Period (5000 BCE) through Decadent Period (642 CE)

  2. Pre-Dynastic Egypt5000 - 3100 BCE • Origins are connected with Agricultural Revolution (5000 BCE) • Irrigation methods developed • Beginnings of establishment of provinces or nomes • Each nome ruled by a nomarch • Connected by common sets of language/writing

  3. Archaic Period 3100 to 2900 BCE • Menes considered the great unifier of Egypt • Joined Upper Kingdom and Lower Kingdom • Established Capital at Memphis • Established divine position of Pharaoh • Possibly known as Narmer • First of the “tomb builders” (Abydos)

  4. Menes Symbol of Aha

  5. The Old Kingdom 2650 – 2150 BCE • Characterized by the “Pyramid Builders” • Social Classes (Priests, Slaves, Common, and Wealthy) emerged • Consisted of 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th Dynasties • Zoser (3rd) • Khufu (4th) • Sahure (5th) • Pepi I and II (6th)

  6. Imhotep • The Great Architect of Egypt • Designed the earliest pyramids and is said to be responsible for creating columns • Founder of Egyptian Medicine

  7. Zoser’s Tomb Khufu’s Tomb/Great Pyramid

  8. Era of Unrest 2475 – 2160 BCE • Collapse of Central Government • Caused by the expanding power of regional rulers • Trade is undermined by feuding regional nomarchs

  9. The Middle Kingdom2160 – 1788 BCE • Re-establishment of Central Rule under 11th Dynasty • Amunemhet I • Moved capital to Thebes (11th 2055- 2004) • Capital later moved to Crocidodilopolis (12th 1991-1962) after Fayum Development

  10. Egyptian Women • Primarily attached to household duties • Could not hold office, attend school, or join bureaucracy • Could own land, sue for divorce, had equal legal protection in theory

  11. Second Intermediate Period1788 - 1580 BCE • After Death of Queen Sobekneferu the Kingdom is Split • Hyskos exploit split to invade and take over Egyptian lands. • Introduces Chariots, Bronze Weaponry, composite bows, and preservation of ancient Egypt’s history

  12. The New Kingdom 1580 – 1150 BCE 18th Dynasty 1550 - 1292 • Ahmose I expels Hyskos • Moves Capital back to Thebes, later moved to Akhetaten • Period marked by Military expansion and Military rule • Key Rulers • Ahmose I • Amenhotep I • Nefertiti • Tutankhamen

  13. The New Kingdom 1580 – 1150 BCE 19th Dynasty 1292 – 1187 BCE • Ramses I moves Capital to Avaris • Reclaimed and defended lost territories • Expanded construction at Valley of the Kings as well as elsewhere in Kingdom • Merenptah moved the Capital city back to Memphis

  14. Valley of the Kings • Valley of the Kings • Contains tombs of 63 different Kings • Important Archeological digs have led to great amounts of Historical Knowledge

  15. The New Kingdom 1580 – 1150 BCE 20th Dynasty 1190-1069 BCE • Setnakhte moves Capital back to Memphis • Era marked with War (Hittiites and Libyans), Corruption, Civil Disobedience, Famine, and a general Division of the Empire • Ramses III (1186-1155 BCE) seen as last great Pharaoh

  16. Amenmesse • Otherwise known as “Moses” • Seen as father of Jewish faith • Established state of Israel • Led Hyskos out of Egypt (ca 1190 BCE)

  17. Third Intermediate Period1069 – 752 BCE • Egypt severely weakened by civil wars • Up to 4 different rulers at any given time • Vulnerable to outside attack

  18. The Late Kingdom752-343 BCE • Regions of empire begin breaking away and forming new empires • Libyans, Kushites, Ethiopians, Assyrians, and Persians all rule at one time or another • Egyptians briefly regain control of empire (marked by the 28th, 29th, and 30th dynasties)

  19. Ptolemaic Period 332-30 BCE • Egypt conquered by Alexander the Great • Established great library at Alexandria • After his death, General Ptolemy assumed control of Egypt • His decedents reigned until Cleopatra’s defeat at the hands of Octavian

  20. Architecture of Ptolemy

  21. Decadent Period and Beyond • Roman Rule 146 BCE to 429 CE • Vandals 429 – 435 CE • Byzantine 435-642 CE • Persians • Muslims • Ottomans • French • Ottomans again • British • Egyptian Independence Feb 22, 1922 C.E

  22. Recap • Egyptian Civilization evolved around 8000 years ago • Nile River extremely important • United under Menes around 3100 • Have been thirty different ruling dynasties • Pyramid building during the “Old Kingdom” epoch • Complex social system • Deeply concerned with afterlife • Downfall at the hands of Alexander the Great then Octavian • Important Names: Menes, Khufu, Amunemhet I, Ahmose I, Tutankhamen • Lasting Impact: Oldest “Empire”, Many remaining artifacts (Pots, Buildings, Mummies, Jewelry, Statues)

  23. Sources • Nayanga, Peter, “A Guide to Ancient Egypt”, Given at St Cloud State, Spring 2007 • Shillington, Kevin, History of Africa, St Martin’s Press, New York, New York, 1995 • “Dynastic Periods” Aldokkan, http://www.aldokkan.com/egypt/egypt.html

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