Directions

1. Directions • One of the biggest inspirations for the Enlightenment was the government of England that had become a constitutional monarchy over the course of hundreds of years. Most governments in Europe were absolute monarchies who were above the law and did whatever they wanted. • Carefully read the textbook pages. Use these notes and the textbook to record details that answer the questions on your study guide. • If a question is about a primary source, use evidence in your answer to the question.

2. Enlightenment Philosophy

3. Terms and People natural law • _______________– rules discoverable by reason • _______________– seventeenth-century thinker who wrote Leviathan • _______________ – seventeenth-century thinker who wrote Two Treatises of Government • ________________– Hobbes’ proposal for an organized society in which people enter into an agreement accepting a powerful government in exchange for their freedom Thomas Hobbes John Locke social contract

4. _________________– Locke’s view of the rights belonging to all people at birth, including the right to life, liberty, and property ________________ – French thinkers who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society __________________ –philosophe who believed in protecting liberty by dividing the various functions and powers of government among three branches; proposed a system of checks and balances __________________–philosophe who used his writings to fight ignorance, superstition, and intolerance Terms and People(continued) natural rights philosophes Montesquieu Voltaire

5. Terms and People(continued) Diderot • ____________–philosophe who edited and published the Encyclopedia • ______________ –philosophe who wrote The Social Contract • ______________– an economic system allowing business to operate with little or no government interference • ______________– author of The Wealth of Nations; proponent of the free-market system Rousseau laissez faire Adam Smith

6. What effects did the Enlightenment philosophers have on government and society? The spread of Enlightenment philosophers’ ideas sparked changes in governments and society throughout Europe. Encouraged by ideas such as natural law and social contracts, people challenged the structure of governments and society in existence since the Middle Ages.

7. Why is it important? • The Enlightenment became the inspiration for our American Revolution and the foundation for our constitution.

8. English Bill of Rights: Page 159 Magna Carta: Page TN50 Petition of Right: Page 155 • Habeas Corpus Act: Page 159 Textbook Pages Magna Carta Video

9. Using the definitions of limited monarchy and constitutional government write a definition for Constitutional Monarchy Define: Constitutional Monarchy Chapter 4 Section 3. Page160

10. The English Bill of Rights • 1. That the pretended power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of parliament is illegal. • 5. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal... • 8. That election of members of parliament ought to be free. • 9. That the freedom of speech,... ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court of place out of parliament. Record each of the provisions in your own words to show its significance

11. From 1650 to 1800, European philosophers began rethinking old ideas about gov’t, religion, economics which led to an era known as the Enlightenment (also called the Age of Reason) Use the information to write a working definition of the Enlightenment. What was the Enlightenment?

12. The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called philosophes & they shared some basic beliefs New truths could be discovered by using logic & reason Everything could be explained by observing universal truths known as natural laws People are born with natural rights (personal freedoms that protect liberty) A belief in progress, that the world can be improved, & that life should be enjoyed

13. The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called _____________ & they shared some basic beliefs New truths could be discovered by using _________ Everything could be explained by observing universal truths known as _______________ People are born with __________ (personal freedoms that protect liberty) A belief in ________, that the world can be improved, & that life should be enjoyed

14. “A prince ought not to deem it beneath his dignity to state that he considers it his duty not to dictate anything to his subjects in religious matters, but to leave them complete freedom.” --From What is Enlightenment? by Imanuel Kant 1784 Emanuel Kant 1784 According to Imanuel Kant what is the duty of “the prince”?

15. As you read about the Enlightenment, identify the following ideas and explain how these ideas led to the Enlightenment. Scientific Revolution: Page 72 A shift in thinking from superstition and religion to mathematical laws that govern nature that can be used by humans to manage and shape the world. Natural Law: Page 182 Natural Rights: Page 183 Social Contract:

16. Enlightenment • _______________—an agreement among people where a government is formed to serve the needs and mediate on behalf of the citizens • ________________—the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence Social Contract State of Nature

17. By the early 1700s, European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind. The discoveries of the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s convinced educated Europeans of the power of human reason. Natural law ____________governed forces such as gravity and magnetism.

18. Could human reason be used to better understand social, economic, and political problems? “A prince ought not to deem it beneath his dignity to state that he considers it his duty not to dictate anything to his subjects in religious matters, but to leave them complete freedom.” --From What is Enlightenment? by Imanuel Kant 1784 • This approach had been used to understand natural forces such as gravity and magnetism. • In this way, the Scientific Revolution led to a new revolution in thinking, named the Enlightenment by German philosopher Emanuel Kant who believed that natural law could explain certain things about humanity

19. Are you a Hobbes or a Locke?

20. Hobbes and Locke Have Conflicting Views Carefully read page 183 of your textbook and discuss at least three ways that the two men disagreed. Thomas Hobbes ____________wrote Leviathan. John Locke __________wrote Two Treatises of Government.

21. In France, the philosophes applied the methods of science to understand society. For each of the following philosophes record their most important work, as well as their beliefs. Montesquieu Voltaire Diderot Rousseau

22. “My trade is to say what I think.” —Voltaire The French government and Catholic Church opposed the ideas of the philosophes. Voltaire __________ was imprisoned and forced into exile. His books were banned. Still, he continued to defend freedom of speech.

23. The philosophes did not apply their ideas of freedom and equality to women. Mary Wollstonecraft ________________ , an English writer, called for equal education for girls and boys in her book A Vindication of the Rights of Women. The idea of women’s equality was ridiculed and sharply condemned.

24. physiocrats French thinkers known as _______________ focused on economic reforms based on natural law. • Physiocrats: • Rejected mercantilism, the idea that government regulation is needed to produce a favorable trade balance. • Advocated _______________ policies, which suggested that business should operate with little or no government interference. laissez-faire

25. He argued that the free market should regulate business activity. • All economic factors were related to the market forces of supply and demand. The Scottish economist ____________ wrote The Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith Although Smith supported laissez faire, he also believed that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.

26. “As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.” —Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776 According to the passage, how does a person increase the public wealth? Why did Adam Smith support laissez-faire economics?