NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN BELARUS Peter A. VITIAZ

1. Belarussian Nanotechnologies NANOMATERIALS ANDNANOTECHNOLOGIES IN BELARUS Peter A. VITIAZ National Academy of Sciences of Belarus <vitiaz@presidium.bas-net.by>

2. …the one who gets control over nanotechnology first is gonna to be the leader in the technoshere of the future… Edward Teller • CONTENTS • Introduction • 2. Mechanical alloying • 3. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) • 4. Fine films, nanowires & nanopowders • 5. Fullerenes & Carbon nanotubes • 6. Nanodiamonds – Production & Applications • 7. Nanoobjects diagnostics • 8. Conclusion

3. OBJECTS MATERIALS TECHNIQUES Diagnostics Diagnostics PROCESSING PRODUCTION Standard P/M methods Refractory Nanopowders Mech. alloying Superhard High pressures & temperatures Detonation synthesis Nanowires Structural Chem. precipitation & pyrolysis Equal channel angular press. Fullerens Electrotechnical Nanotubes Plasma synthesis Impulse compaction Thin Films Sol-gel synthesis Magnetic SPS Nano & mesastructures Gas transport reactions Optoelectronic Plasma & flame spraying Others Others Others Special R&D of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in Belarus

4. 1st press 2nd press route C 2nd press route A Scheme of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) Microstructures of low carbon steel after ECA - Pressing

5. σ σ Hardness , δ, % b, Ψ, % Material Structure 0.2 HV MPa MPa n Fe 300 850 980 6 55 ano 99.88 % 90 200 350 21 7 polycryst. Cu nano 155 400 480 11 67 99.98 % polycryst. 55 100 240 19 87 Stainless nano 640 1370 1550 27 41 steel 18-8 polycryst. 200 210 560 70 69 1540 Elinvar nano 360 1560 10 30 Ni-44 polycryst. 120 760 930 15 44 Mechanical properties of metals & alloys after ECA – pressing

6. 500 nm Morphology of diamond-like thin films Atomic Force Microscope «NANOTOP-203»

7. As deposited Annealed Scheme of transformations 30 S 150 20 100 10 50 0 0 0 20 40 60 25 50 75 100 0 CuPc concentration, % mas. CuPc concentration, % mas. The dependence of gas sensor response (a) and photoconductivity (b) 100 nm 100 nm AFM image of organic dye nanocrystals (50-70 nm)in polymer matrix

8. powder arc pile localizer with powder without powder Localisation of particles input into plasma Comparative Data for SPR and PRL reactors Parameters SPR PRL Consumed power, kW 150 45 Nitrogen flow rate, l / min 1200 30 Temperature, K 3000-5000 5000-10000 Energy consumption, kJ / kg 270 6.5 PRL Reactor Productivity, kg / hour 2 25 Principle of localization of particles input into arc plasma

9. PLASMOTEG ENGINEERING CENTEREquipment & Technology for Diamond Like Coating (DLC) Consumed power 30 Kwt Discharge voltage 200…400 V Discharge time 200…300 µs Pulse frequency 0.5…12 Hz Cathode diameter 30 mm Cathode length 20…30 mm Deposit rate / pulse 850 nm / s Deposite rate at 10 Hz 2.5 µ / h Weight 15 kg Dimentions 200х300х400 mm Exworks price 25 000 USD Pulse Plasma Source PULSE PLASMA SOURCE Biocompatible DCL for artificial heard valves DLC for thermoprinting heads DLC for measuring gauges

10. AUTOMATIC COMPLEX FOR FULLERENESSYNTHESIS & SEPARATION Assembly for fullerenes synthesis Raw materials preparation Software for tech- nology monitoring Assembly for extracting & separating Diagnostics Packing assembly PRINCIPAL PARAMETERS Productivity, g/shift: 15-45 of fullerenes + 100-430 of carbon clusters (10-100 nm); Fullerenes purity > 99.0% ; C60 / C80 ratio ~ 10 /1 ; Consumed power 7-15 KW; Weight 450 kg ; Flow space 20 m2; Ex-works price, USD 120 000 - 220 000 (depends on productivity & complectation)

12. Carbon nanotubes produced by HVDAP technique

13. DESIGN & TOOLING OF BLAST CHAMBER CONDITIONS OF COOLING & EXTRACTIONS CHEMICAL PURIFICATION CONTINIOUS PROCESS WITH OXIDANT REGENERATION CONDITIONING SURFACE MODIFICATION PROPERTIES OPTIMIZATION TESTING & ANALYSIS HYGIENIC SERTIFICATION ENGINEERING SUPPORT DATA BANK FUNCTIONAL SCHEME OF THE AUTOMATIC COMPLEX OF JSC «SINTA» FOR DETONATION SYNTHESIS OF NANODIAMONDS DETONATION SYNTHESIS SPECIAL COATING PARTICLES CONTROL, TESTING STANDARTIZATION SERTIFICATION

14. Parameters Units Value Diamond phase content % mass. 40-99 Common carbon content % mass. 65-95 Ash content % mass. 0.1-10 Adsorbtion capacity mg-ecv/g 0.1-3.5 Electrokinetic potential mV Thermostability (air) K 423-1573 Electric resistance Ω / cm 102-1014 PROPERTIES OF NANODIAMOND POWDERS from -100 to + 100

15. NANODIAMONDS APPLICATION Cr, Ni, Cu, Cu, Au, Ag galvanic coatings Solid and liquid antifrictional lubricants Plastics modification Additives to motor oils Superfinish treatment of superconductor and optical parts

16. AUTOMATIC COMPLEX «COMPOSIT» FOR PRODUCING ELECTROLYTIC COMPOSITE COATINGS WITH NANODIAMONDS

17. MICROHARDNESS OF Ag COATINGS AT DIRECT CURRENT (x 105 N/m2) Микротвердость Ag покрытий, полученных при постоянном токе PROPERTIES OF Ag COATINGS PRODUCED AT DIFFERENTCONDITIONS

18. NANODIAMONDS AT BELARUS POWER STATIONS 3 2 • Antifriction Grey Iron - Brass Composit • Slide bearings of steam superheater • Combined flat bearing Ø 800 mm for hot • air recuperator 1

19. Plastics modifications with nanodiamonds Bushing of electricpump Metallic – plastic anticorrosion gas-flame coatings with 0.5 % mass. of nanodiamonds

20. MICROARC OXIDIZED COATINGS WITH NANODIAMONDS 1 x 150 2 1,2 – microstrucures of Al-6Si-2Cu alloy after coating without (left) and with nanodiamonds (right) 3 – motorbike parts with microarc oxidizing and nanodiamonds 3

21. 2 1 Polycrystallic diamonds from nanodiamonds 1,2 – polycrystallic powders produced by thermo-vacuum treatment; 3 – spalling of polycrystalliccompact produced by shock- -wave consolidation. 3

22. …the only way to infiuence a technology is the another technology… Stanislaw Lem • CONCLUSION • Scientists of Belarus make certain input into nanomaterials • investigation and processing. Good results have been achieved • innanodiamonds and their application in machinery. • 2. Our main task isa consolidation of means andefforts for • development ofnanomaterialsand nanosystemsvital for key • branches of Belarus economy – machinery, radio-electronics • and petro-chemistry. • 3. International cooperation is very important in any aspects of • implementation of these XXI century materials: science, • technology, diagnostics, sertification, etc.