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AQA A2 Revision

AQA A2 Revision. Mike Murray. Based on past paper questions and answers to those questions. Content. EPOC and lactate Sports supplements POMS Cognitive methods to control anxiety Baron’s distraction-conflict theory World Games Why use drugs? Strategies to reduce drug-taking.

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AQA A2 Revision

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  1. AQA A2 Revision Mike Murray Based on past paper questions and answers to those questions

  2. Content • EPOC and lactate • Sports supplements • POMS • Cognitive methods to control anxiety • Baron’s distraction-conflict theory • World Games • Why use drugs? • Strategies to reduce drug-taking

  3. Lactate threshold – Typical question Elite performers follow structured training programmes to develop exceptional levels of fitness. Outline the relationship between ‘VO2 max’ and ‘lactate threshold’. (3 marks) In terms of recovery, explain the relationship between lactate threshold and the functions of EPOC. (5 marks)

  4. Lactate Threshold/OBLA • During intense exercise of short duration • Glycogen used as energy source • Too much produced by - excess is converted to • Can only last

  5. During high intensity exercise Mitochondria

  6. Lactate threshold • When starts to in • Also known as • Percentage of • Occurs because of lack of in • Occurs at start of exercise = and during exercise

  7. Oxygen Uptake during Exercise O2 uptake rest exercise recovery time

  8. EPOC • Slow component: • Fast component:

  9. Lactate tolerance • How well performer copes with accumulation • Depends on ability to acidity of accumulation • Fitter performers can remove quicker

  10. Removal of lactate • During component of • 65% converted to – into and oxidised for • 25% converted to pyruvate and then to – • 10% converted to

  11. Supplements - Typical question What are the potential benefits and harmful effects to a performer taking creatine supplements? (4 marks)

  12. Food Supplements - Creatine • Creatine – increases – longer energy supplies • Used by - limited effects but to performance • No known problems, but potential long-term

  13. Food Supplements - Protein • Protein – taken to increase - • Used by performers • Training effect – build more muscle • Requires exceptional training load to be - enough in balanced diet - no need to take more for majority!

  14. Typical question What are the potential benefits and harmful effects to a performer taking caffeine before an event. (4 marks)

  15. Food Supplements - Caffeine • Caffeine – stimulant – increased • Increases fat use in long-duration activities – • Used by performers - • Use can cause dehydration • Used by many, because no longer

  16. Food Supplements – Herbal remedies • Herbal Remedies - use of plant extracts • May contain useful and • Problem - performers not aware of what other substances contained in extract - Slide No.

  17. Food Supplements – Bicarbonate of Soda • Bicarbonate of soda – effects of • Used by performers • Delays • But ingestion causes and

  18. Food Supplements - Water • Exercise generates heat - lost mainly by - 1-3 litres per hour - • Causes increased and • Need to before and during event

  19. Food Supplements – Athlete’s diet • Specialist foods only if • Simple usually adequate • Sufficient gained from nutritious rather than junk foods • Sufficient vitamins and minerals from • Sufficient protein from

  20. POMS – Typical question Morgan’s profile of mood state (POMS) is a questionnaire given to performers to establish their relative measures on six mental health states. Research has shown that the profile for POMS differs between elite and non-elite performers. Describe these differences. (3 marks)

  21. tension depression anger fatigue confusion Profile of Mood States Test score Mood states

  22. Mood States • Successful elite performers show • High vigour; low tension, depression, fatigue and confusion • Unsuccessful athletes show • Change in profile associated with • Cannot be applied to all performers – success could lead to

  23. Cognitive methods – Typical question Outline two cognitive stress management techniques that can be used to control anxiety levels. (7 marks)

  24. Stress management • Control thoughts - cognitive techniques – eg • Involves redirecting thoughts away from the cause of the and • Needs to be and

  25. Imagery • Imagine must be • Use • Can imagine event – include possible • Pre-experience achievement of – increase • Lock on to perfect performance –

  26. Attentional control (focusing) • Learn to concentrate/focus on • Concentration linked to • Tendency to focus on • Needs to control attention / avoid • Use of key phrases to help • Use ‘routine’ for repeatable skills – eg

  27. Thought-stopping • Use of ‘action’ – eg • Switch attention to controlled • Use whenever occurs • Action that thought • Involves – learn to think of action rather than negative thought

  28. Self-talk • Develop about your actions • Learn to • Rehearse when things are going wrong - • Can be • Can recall good plus a few thoughts

  29. Distraction-conflict theory– Typical question Explain the principles of Barron’s distraction-conflict theory. (3 marks)

  30. Baron – distraction-conflict theory Attends to demands of task Athlete performing Attends to distractor

  31. Distraction causes conflict • Paying attention to distraction limits for skilled performance • More difficult tasks require more • Distraction causes an increase in • Leading to

  32. World games – Typical question 'World Class Events' is part of UK Sport's development programme, which aims to attract major sporting championships to the UK. Discuss the suggestion that hosting major championships will benefit the individual performer and the host. (5 marks)

  33. Characteristics of World games • performers • Large appeal • Requires major infrastructure –

  34. Effects of World games for performers • Highly to be/test themselves against the best - make most of abilities –

  35. Effects of World games - Country • impact – seen as successful, part of national character/political success • Social impact – • Economic impact – financial success – • Can have negative impact - • Government support -

  36. Why use drugs – Typical question Elite sport is waging a constant battle over the use of performance enhancing drugs. Explain why some performers choose to take performance enhancing drugs, and describe some of the measures which are in place to solve this problem. (7 marks)

  37. Reasons why performers may take drugs

  38. Solutions to drug-taking problem • Unified policies -

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