PRESENTATION ON WILDLIFE DISESES RABIES

1. PRESENTATION ON WILDLIFE DISESESRABIES • GROUP NO 7 • PARTICIPANTS • Taiko S.Payani • John Lema • Sifael • Nelson Kira • Glory Kimonge • Mashauri K Cedric

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASES/PARASITE.RABIES • Disease; is the disturbance to the normal function or structure of animal. • Rabies Is an acute, highly deadly and fatal disease of all warm blooded animals that is transmitted through a bite by a rabid animal and present clinically with sudden change in behavior, mania, paralysis and death. • Is an infectious and contagious disease of the central nervous system.

3. CAUSATIVE AGENT(S) AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION. • Rabies is caused by a virus called Lyssa Viruses under family Rhabdoviridae which attack the Central nervous system. • The name rhabdo come from the Greek and identified the characteristics bullet or rod shape of the virus. • Rabies are epizootic and enzootic. • There are two types of epizootic rabies. Both are perpetuated by bites of infected animals Daniel O. Trainer et all (1981) which ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. • One occur in wild animal host the other occur in dogs and related canine.

4. TRANSMISSION • Transmission; Source of infection is always an infected animals. Dogs and cats are the major source of infection in urban rabies. • Wild animals including hyenas, skunks, raccoons, wolves, coyotes, squirrels , Jackals ,well serve as source of infection particularly in sylvaticrabies. • Most true host of rabies are generally given as the dogs (canids), mustelidae,viverridae and Chiroptera ,to some extent even the vampire bats. • The route of infection is through the saliva following a bite by a rabid animal and sometimes following contamination of a wound by infected saliva.

5. CONT--- • The virus enters to the body through the saliva of an infected animals usual by a bite but it can also transmitted if infected saliva gets into an open wounds or splashes into mucous membrane such as those in the eyes, nose, or mouth. • From saliva point of entry, the rabies virus travels along the nerve cells to the brain the viruses migrate centripetally via periphery nerves to the CNS tissue.

6. CONT…. • This method of spread accounts for a varied incubation period. The viruses multiply in the CNS tissues then migrate centrifugally via the olfactory nerve to the salivary glands and taste buds. • Multiplication of the virus in the spinal cord leads to paralysis (dumb form of rabies), whereas multiplication in the brain ( medulla, brainstem, and thalamus) leads to irritation (furious form of rabies). • In rabid animals the cycle is repeated when the animal bites another animals

7. CLINICAL SIGN The incubation period of rabies extremely variable but the average is usually 2-12 weeks. It is rarely less than 10 days or more than 6 month in carnivores animals and bats studded under experimental condition . FURIOUS STAGE • Dogs represent the mad-dog syndrome” in which the animals become irrational and viciously aggressive, dilate pupils and nose invites attack. • Loss of caution and fear to natural nocturnal may become active during the day raccoon walk as if they are on very hot pavement.

8. CONT…. • Dogs roam streets biting other animals, people and any moving objects. • They chew and swallow foreign objects, faeces, straws, sticks, stones, wires in the cages etc. • As the disease progresses, muscular in-coordination follow, then paralysis and eventually death.

9. PARALYTIC / DUMB STAGE • This form of the disease is characterized by:- • Early paralysis of the throat, usually with profuse salivation and inability to swallow. • Dropping of the lower jaw • Paralysis progresses to other parts of the body leading to death in few hours. • NOTE • A rabies infected dog will typically die within 10 days of the initial onset of the prodromal stage.

10. DIAGNOSIS CONT… • The reference method for diagnosing rabies is by performing PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or viral culture on brain samples taken after death. chop up the head and take to the laboratory, handle care to avoid damaging the brain). • The diagnosis can also be reliably made from skin samples taken before death. • It is also possible to make the diagnosis from saliva, urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples, but this is not as sensitive. • Cerebral inclusion bodies called bodies are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection, but are found in only about 80% of cases. If possible, the animal from which the bite was received should also be examined for rabies

11. AFFECTED WILDLIFE SPECIES • Species affected; Wild carnivores including jackal, honey badger, yellow mongoose, bat eared foxes and civet. •  Wild animals are more likely to become infected than domestic animals such as cattle, cats, dogs which can also get rabies. As well as human being.

12. THREAT TO WILDLIFE • Human death WHO (1976-1977) 1069 people died). • Monetary costs • Wildlife losses -The loss of wildlife associated with rabies is unknown and little attention has been given this topic. In 1999, 6466 deaths due to rabies in non-domestic species were reported to the CDC 10(Krebs et al. 2000). However, many rabid animals are never observed and go untested and undetected (Greenwood et al. 1997). - During a rabies epizootic additive mortality from the disease is observed but long-term suppression of the population from the disease is rare. -Additive mortality also may result from rabies control programs. Impacts on threatened or endangered species have not been reported but are realistically detrimental.

13. DISEASE MANAGEMENT

14. DISEASES MANAGEMENT. • Mass immunization of wild dog and cats. • Vaccination of susceptible domestic animal species. • Elimination of stray dogs. • Poison, set a poisoned bait which is out of reach of domestic animals and children • For sylvatic rabies, control measures are very difficult and relies much on the public health awareness of the risks and importance of vaccination. • Vaccinate all dogs and cats within and around all wild animals ecosystems.(Oral vacination, and injection). • Trapping. • Control of rabies in wildlife is most difficult the only available control method is population reduction. • NB. Once clinical symptoms develop, there is no known treatment for preventing death from rabies.

15. HUMAN ANTIRABIES TREATMENTS • Local wound treatment( immediate washing and flashing with soap and water, detergent, or water alone). • Rabies immune globulin (immunize the body) • Vaccination. NB Campaign global rabies day on 28 September every year.

16. RABIES VACINATION CAMPAIN IN TANZANIA

17. RELEVANT. • Rabies is deadly viral disease spread through the saliva of animals via bite wounds. • Most commonly found in wild coyotes, foxes, bats, raccoons and skunks, rabies usually infect dogs when they are bitten by one of these animals or another rabid dog. • Though the contraction of rabies nearly always ends in death for an infected dog.

18. CONCLUSION • Rabies has health as well as agricultural and economic significance . • As wildlife manager should work on preventing rabies disease rather than treatment.

19. REFFERENCE • D.W.JOHN ,T.O DANIEL,K.H LARS (1981) Infection of disease of wild mamalls published by Lowa state university press AMES.LOWA, USA. • WWW.GOOLGE. COM