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Rabies in Wildlife in Israel 1948 -2007

Assessment of the efficacy of oral vaccination of livestock guardian dogs in the framework of oral rabies vaccination of wild canids in Israel.

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Rabies in Wildlife in Israel 1948 -2007

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  1. Assessment of the efficacy of oral vaccination of livestock guardian dogs in the framework of oral rabies vaccination of wild canids in Israel

  2. B.A. Yakobson 1, R. King 2, N. Sheichat 1, B. Eventov 3 and D. David 11Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, 2 Nature & Parks Authority, 3 Golan District,VSAHIsrael

  3. Rabies in Wildlife in Israel1948 -2007 159 603 13 14 8 2 4 1

  4. Rabies incidence in Israel, 1998

  5. Vaccine Bait

  6. ORV 1998-2006

  7. Distribution plots for ORV

  8. Example of flight lines (300 m) of ORV distribution

  9. Degree of coverage with flight lines using 17-20 baits/km2

  10. Oral rabies vaccination, 1998-2006

  11. Year Tetracycline Seroconversion Positive % positive Positive % positive 2000 35 / 77 45.0 13 / 51 25.5 2001 56 / 74 75.7 10 / 37 27.0 2002 57 / 90 63.3 4 / 28 14.0 2003 116/269 43.1 11/63 17.5 Tetracycline and antibody detection in sampled animals

  12. Rabies, Israel 1985-2007 Outbreak in central Israel ORV North ORV all country

  13. Annual Budget 2003-2005, in US$ • Vaccination 1,200,000 • Monitoring 200,000 • Total1,400,000 2006 1,000,000

  14. Rabies incidence in Israel, 2005 Dogs 20 Cattle 9 Wolf 2 Cat 1 Badger 1 Fox 1 TOTAL 34

  15. Rabies in Golan & Upper Galilee, 1997 - 2007 ORV

  16. Golan Heights & Upper Galilee

  17. Golan Heights & Upper Galilee • The human population on the Golan is sparse, the region has relatively large open areas, and significant segments of it have been declared nature reserves. • The Golan is home to thousands of gazelles, rock rabbits, hyenas, wild boars, foxes, and even a rare subspecies of wolf unique to the Golan. They cohabit with badgers, jackals, wildcats, and the rare leopard or two

  18. Golan Heights • Area.................................1,158 sq kmBorder length with Syria..............80 kmHighest peak.......................2,224 m above sea levelVillages.................................36Jewish..................................32Druze villages............................4Main town.............................Katzrin. (the only town)Jewish population .................16,500Druze population...................17,000Nature reserve.......................246 sq kmCultivated area.........................80 sq kmGrazing lands..........................460 sq kmCattle...............................19,950 headSheep................................5,000 • Household dogs........... ...........1,334 • Livestock guarding dogs...............358

  19. Objective of the Study To determine the feasibility of oral rabies vaccination of packs of livestock guarding dogs (LGD)

  20. Material and Methods • Two different bait formats (fishmeal polymer and coated sachets) of the US product Raboral V-RG, Merial were used • Both formats were presented to packs of 5 -12 dogs in 5 different test zones • Total number of 42 (5 packs of 5, 6, 8, 11, 12 in each) dogs were observed • The behaviour of bait ingestion was recorded • No analysis for serology or biomarkers was done

  21. Baits used in the study

  22. Livestock guarding dog breeds

  23. Livestock guarding dogs (LGD) • Livestock guarding dogs (LGD) are generally large and protective. • Two to five dogs may be placed with a flock or herd depending on its size. • LGD have been known to fight to the death with predators, but in most cases, predator attacks are prevented by a display of aggressiveness. • Minimized human contact (probably the most critical ingredient for success)

  24. Results in LGD

  25. Summary of results • The fishmeal bait was more attractive to the LGD than the coated one - 88% vs 73% • Only 28% of vaccines reached the oral cavity with fishmeal bait in comparison to 12% with coated baits

  26. Conclusions • The estimated efficacy of rabies oral vaccination, using 2 commercial vaccine baits designed for wild canids, in packs of LGD is very low (a maximum of 28%) • Stray dog removal is an essential part of rabies control in LGD • At least 2 parental vaccinations of LGD is needed before their release • Identification (microchip) of LGD is necessary to monitor that this concept is working • Continuation of ORV in wildlife must also be ensured

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