Russia

1. Russia Russia Russia By: Ariel,Nathaniel, and Carter

2. The Byzantine Empire In A.D. 527 to A.D. 565, the Byzantine Empire was ruled by a man named Justinian.Justinian ordered scholars to collect the laws of the Roman empire.The collection was called the Justinian code.The Justinian code formed the basis of Byzantine law. The code meant that people should be ruled by laws and not leaders.The code consisted of four parts.The first was the code, contained useful roman laws.The second part was the digest, summarized roman legal opinions.The third part was the institutes, a guide for law students.The fourth was the novellae, which contained laws passed after A.D. 534.One of Justinians advisers was his wife which name was Theadora.Theadora urged Justinian to make laws that can change the status of woman. So Justinian made divorce laws to give woman more benefits.He let christian woman own property depending on there dowry ( money or goods ).In A.D. 532, a rebellion called the Nika Revolt threatened to overthrow Justinian.Justinian and his troops won the battle.Justinian made Belisarius general of the army.He was an experienced commander, he led the troops who crushed the Nika revolt.He alson won former roman lands back from the Germanic tribes.

3. The Byzantine empire had a lot of strengths. One of them was Greek Fire.Greek fire was a chemical weapon that you sprayed on an enemy’s ship, and it instantly bursted into flames.Another factor for there strength was the city Constantinople, which was located where Europe meats Asia. This allowed Byzantines to control the sea trade between Asia and Europe. This gave them lots of income to pay soldiers and government officials.The christian church was very important to the Byzantines. The west and east side had there different beliefs though. The differences led to a final decision in the christian church. The pope was the most powerful leader in the west and in the east, the patriarch was. Cyril and Methodius tried to teach the bible to slaves. Slaves didn’t have a language so Cyril and Methodius made one for them called Cyrillic. Religion was the main subject for byzantine art. Mosaic was a picture or a design made from small pieces of enamel,glass or stone.Byzantine always had religious architecture. One of the worlds greatest buildings is the church of Hagia Sophia, which means holy wisdom. Justinian devotede a lot of money and time into this building and that’s why it was built in only six years. Byzantine suffered a lot when Justinian died in A.d. 565. In the a.d. 1300’s, an asian power called the Ottoman Turks began to threaten Byzantine territory.The Ottoman Turks soon captured Consantinople.In a.d. 1453, the Byzantine Empire was over.

4. Vocabulary : Dowry – money or goods a wife brings to a marriage. Icon – holy picture of jesus, the virgin mary , or a saint. Iconoclasts – people who opposed the use of icons in worship. Heresy – opinion that conflicts with official church beliefs . Excommunication – official edict that bars a person from church membership. Mosaic – Picture or design made from small pieces of enamel,glass, or stone. Vocabulary: Dowry – money or

5. Russia and the Mongols The keivan were in control but they decloind because they gave the Rest of the towns that they didn’t ake over to their sons to ake over. Later on the princes began to fiht amonst themselves. While they Were fighting the poltsv took over.in 1169 and 1203 and mongols came and fought and eventually took over.The mongels also in a.d. 1242 took over hungaria and poland.luckily the mongols called of there troops and the hungarians and the polands escaped mongol Control.After the mongols called off there armies they went to china. The mongols had control over the the polands and hungarians until The late1400s. The Mongols taxed people very heavily.The slaves mongols had contact with central and western europe.

6. Polands took over territory from Russians in the 1300s. In 1328 prince ivan I was going to be awarded for Cooperating with the mongols. In 1533 ivan became ruler of keivan russia Ivan formed a group called oprichiniki he led that group to attack poland In the end the russians destroyed that city in poland. Later on the orthodox Church grew more powerful acciurring land the church got this land from Donations from the people in the church. A turning point in development Took place in 1433 a.d. because of the fall of the constaitin pole.

7. Vocabulary : Czar – title taken by Ivan the terrible ; Russian for “ caesar “ Third Rome – Moscow ; Russian Orthodox interpretation of the city’s leading role In bringing spiritual light into the world.