ITALY LAYERS OF HISTORY

1. ITALYLAYERS OF HISTORY

2. GREEK ROMAN MODERN THREE LAYERS

3. WE WILL BE HERE GREEK LAYER: 850-275 BCE

4. Greeks needed farmland (grain) and timber (ships) for survival. • Southern Italy and Sicily had both! • Needed harbors to export resources. They settled as far north as there were harbors (Cumae) GREEK COLONIZATION

5. CUMAE PAESTUM GREEK SITES WE WILL SEE

6. Daedalus myth (Cumae) • Neopolis (Naples) • Agora: Greek Marketplace (Pompeii) • Greek gods: Hera, Apollo (Paestum) GREEK INFO

7. PLEASE NOTE: IN 850 BCE, WHEN THE GREEKS WERE COLONIZING, ROME WAS A TINY CITY STATE. WE WILL BE HERE ROME 850 BCE ROMAN LAYER: 850 BCE – 476 CE

8. Rome needed harbors to expand. • Natural harbors are in the South held by the Greeks, remember? • By a series of wars including fighting the Greeks (Pyrrhic Wars), Rome controls the Italian peninsula 275 CE • By having harbors, Rome is now in direct competition with Carthage, the largest maritime power in the Mediterranean • The collision of the two powers takes place in Sicily. ROMAN EXPANSION

9. CHECK OUT YELLOW AND LIGHT GREEN ROMAN EXPANSION

10. Punic Wars with Carthage 264-146 BCE • As a result of the Wars, Rome becomes the dominant power in the Mediterranean. • Roman territory now includes most of the Mediterranean – an overnight empire! ROMAN EXPANSION

11. CHECK OUT GRAY AND ORANGE ROMAN EXPANSION

12. The Punic Wars deeply affected Roman social and political structure. It led to many famous civil wars (Marius, Caesar, Antony) • The result was that the Roman Republic fell and one man took over (Augustus). • The good news in all this was that Rome enjoyed almost 200 years of peace and prosperity (PaxRomana) and huge expansion • The eruption of Mt. Vesuvius fell in this period. ROMAN EXPANSION

13. AQUA AUGUSTA ALEXANDER MOSAIC HERCULANEUM POMPEII VILLA JOVIS - CAPRI ROMAN SITES WE WILL SEE

14. Roman gods • Roman Naval Headquarters • Roman aqueducts • Roman Emperors (Tiberius) • Roman Forum (marketplace) • Roman libraries ROMAN INFO

15. Cathedral of Naples National Library Castel Nuovo MODERN SITES WE WILL SEE Cathedral of Amalfi

16. NATURAL SITES WE WILL SEE

17. SOLFITARA SORRENTO NATURAL SITES WE WILL SEE

18. AMALFI COAST NATURAL SITES WE WILL SEE

19. HOME FOR 8 DAYS!