Identify the causes and effects of the Eighteenth Amendment.

1. Objectives • Identify the causes and effects of the Eighteenth Amendment. • Explain how the Nineteenth Amendment changed the role of women in society. • Describe how the automobile, radio, and movies changed American culture. • Explain why tension and unrest lay beneath the surface during the 1920s.

2. Terms and People • prohibition – a total ban on alcoholic drinks • bootlegger – liquor smugglers • speakeasy – illegal taverns that served liquor

3. How did social change and conflict mark the 1920s? The political changes of the 1920s were accompanied by far-reaching social changes. Women gained voting rights. Alcohol was made illegal for a decade. America developed a new mass culture.

4. In 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment made it illegal to make, sell, or transport alcohol. This began a period of time known as Prohibition. Conserve grains used to make alcohol. Reduce drunkenness and family violence. Reasons for Prohibition

5. Prohibition had several effects on American society. Saloons shut down. Arrests for drunkenness declined. People consumed less alcohol.

6. Prohibition failed because it could not be enforced. Bootleggers made huge profits smuggling liquor from Canada and the Caribbean. Every large town had speakeasies where illegal liquor was served. This caused a rise in organized crime. In 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment repealed Prohibition.

7. Women gained new rights in the 1920s. However, they still lacked full equality. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment gave women voting rights. Women were still barred from many universities and from serving on juries. Women joined political parties and were elected to offices. Married women were not allowed to keep their earnings.

8. Many younger women in the 1920s shocked the older generation. These “flappers” did not seem interested in women’s rights. Their attitude and style came to symbolize women in the 1920s.

9. Three inventions in the 1920s led to the emergence of a new mass culture. Automobiles Commercial Radio Movies

10. The automobile greatly changed American life. • Families could easily move to suburbs. • Rural residents became less isolated. • New businesses were opened by highways. • Americans began to travel more. Automobiles symbolized freedom and independence.

11. Radio and movies revolutionized entertainment in the 1920s. Almost any family could afford a radio. People nationwide listened to the same music, news, sports, and radio dramas.

12. Many Americans went to the movies weekly. Movies provided an escape, and action films and comedies were very popular. Movie fans began to worship celebrities.

13. Some Americans feared that rapid social changes would destroy their way of life. This fear was reflected in the Scopes Trial of 1925. High school teacher John Scopes taught evolution. This violated Tennessee law. Scopes was put on trial.

14. The trial encapsulated the conflict between modern, urban Americans and traditional, rural Americans. William Jennings Bryan, a three-time presidential candidate, prosecuted Scopes. Clarence Darrow, a famous Chicago lawyer, defended Scopes. Scopes lost his job. Laws against teaching evolution remained but were rarely enforced.

15. Fear of social change also caused racial tensions. Many African Americans served in World War I. Violent race riotsbroke out in several cities. They hoped to gain equalityin America. Great Migration Many moved to northern cities. This was called the Great Migration.

16. Organizations formed in response to the rising racial tensions. Marcus Garvey formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The Ku Klux Klan scorned blacks, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews. UNIA promoted black pride and unity. Several scandals in the late 1920s caused the Klan to lose support.

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