20th Century Policies: New Deal, Indian Reorganization Act, Relocation, Termination, Self-Determination

1. 20th Century Policies

2. “New Deal” Indian

3. Indian Reorganization Act Time Period: 1934- early 1940s • In 1934, the Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) was passed as part of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs • Roosevelt appoint Indian advocate, John Collier, as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to execute the Indian Reorganization Act John Collier

4. Purpose of the IRA The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) ended & reversed the Dawes Act by: • Returning communal land to tribes; • Encouraging the self-government of tribes (create tribal councils & constitutions); and, • Restored the management of tribal lands to the tribe • The IRA, like other New Deal programs, lost momentum due to the onset of World War II.

5. The Navajo Code Talkers

6. Navajo Code Talkers The Navajo Code Talkers were a group of Navajo Marines who transmitted military messages in the Navajo language, during World War II

7. Navajo Code Talkers The Code Talkers used words in the Navajo language that could not be broken by the Japanese, during the war in the Pacific.

9. Some examples: • "besh- lo" (iron fish) meant "submarine“ • "dah-he- tih-hi" (hummingbird) meant "fighter plane" • "debeh-li-zine" (black street) meant "squad"

12. Ira Hayes, Pima, was one of the flag raisers Flag being raised on the island of Iwo Jima during World War II

13. Relocation

14. Purpose of Relocation • Time Period: 1948- 1979 • The Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged Indians to migrate to urban areas • By 1960, a total of 33,466 Indians had been relocated. • Government relocation provided: • Job placement • Job training (vocational skills) • Counseling • Transportation • Subsistence funds until the first paycheck

15. Effects of Relocation • More Native Americans live in urban areas today than on reservations • Pow wows were created as a way for diverse tribes to come together to celebrate their Indian heritage • Some brought skills learned back to reservations/tribal communities (Ex. Lumbees in Baltimore & Detroit)

16. NEW: Watch PBS Relocation videos (2) & view interactive map

33. Termination

34. Purpose of Termination Time Period: 1953- 1970 • The policy hoped to terminate the responsibility that the federal government had with Native American tribes. • The hope was to pass laws to end the existence of Indian tribes. • The government argued that Native Americans should be treated exactly as all other citizens • Congress wanted to work toward the withdrawal of all federal support and responsibility for Native American affairs.

35. Effects of Termination • Services (healthcare & education) were withdrawn from about 11,500 Native Americans • 1.5 million acres of land were taken from tribes • Tribes/members became dependent on welfare • “Red Power,” led by AIM (American Indian Movement) arose to protest this policy • Occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay from 1969-1971 • Trail of Broken Treaties occupation of the BIA in Washington, DC in 1972 • 71-day Siege at Wounded Knee in 1973

37. Occupation of Alcatraz

38. Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)

39. Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)

40. Occupation of the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)

41. 1973 Siege at Wounded Knee

42. Mary Brave Bird(Mary Moore/Mary Crow Dog)

43. Leonard Crow Dog

44. Self-Determination

45. Self-Determination Time Period: 1970- Present • President Nixon ended the termination policy and ushered in the current policy called Self-Determination

46. Purpose of Self-Determination • This policy recognizes the sovereignty of tribes • Self-determination emphasizes self-government & tribal administration of its affairs including healthcare, education, housing, law enforcement, and welfare

47. Effects of Self-Determination • Tribes have gained back rights to land, water, and hunting/fishing sites • Religious & sacred sites have been returned • Tribes are finally recognized by the government as SOVEREIGN!