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CHAPTER 13 Standard 4.9

CHAPTER 13 Standard 4.9. Genetic Engineering 11-8-2012 How can humans manipulate DNA?. 13-1. Selective Breeding Choosing the “best” traits for breeding All products of selective breeding is artificial selection. HORSES. Even Cows, Sheep, & Pigs. Hybridization.

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CHAPTER 13 Standard 4.9

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  1. CHAPTER 13Standard 4.9 Genetic Engineering 11-8-2012 How can humans manipulate DNA?

  2. 13-1 Selective Breeding Choosing the “best” traits for breeding All products of selective breeding is artificial selection

  3. HORSES

  4. Even Cows, Sheep, & Pigs

  5. Hybridization Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms Produces hybrids

  6. Golden Doodle Puggle Designer breeds or mutts?

  7. Not to be confused with hybrid cars..

  8. INBREEDING Inbreeding = continued breeding of similar individuals (ex. pure breed dogs) Has risks… increases breed’s susceptibility to disease & deformities Golden retrievers - epilepsy Dalmations - hereditary deafness

  9. Increasing Variation Mutations can happen randomly, as in this Scottish fold cat. Cat enthusiasts bred these cats from a single cat with a mutation for the ears. Breeders can increase variation in a population by inducing mutations    Mutation = any change in DNA    

  10. Mutations produce new kinds of bacteria ex. oil-eating bacteria   

  11. Mutations produce new kinds of plants Ex. day lilies, bananas, citrus fruits Polyploid plants have multiple sets of chromosomes. 

  12. 13-2 DNA Technology GENETIC ENGINEERING technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert DNA of another organism = making changes in the DNA code of a living organism

  13. Different techniques are used… to extract DNA from cells to cut DNA into smaller pieces to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule to make unlimited copies of DNA

  14. Bacterial Transformation The changing of one strain of bacteria into another strain

  15. Plasmid: a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria F+ bacterium contains a plasmid F- bacterium does not contain a plasmid

  16. Steps of Bacterial Transformation 1-Remove the plasmid from the bacterium.

  17. Steps of Bacterial Transformation 2-Isolate the gene of interest. A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein we want more of

  18. Steps of Bacterial Transformation 3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a restriction enzyme This leaves “sticky ends” Which need to be the complement of the sticky ends left on the DNA fragment you want to insert.

  19. Sticky Ends

  20. Sticky Ends The restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A

  21. Sticky Ends

  22. Sticky Ends

  23. Steps of Bacterial Transformation 4-Insert the gene of interest

  24. Steps of Bacterial Transformation 5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a new bacterium. Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms

  25. Steps of Bacterial Transformation 6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted gene

  26. Bacterial Transformation

  27. Other Types of Transformation • Plants: -Use bacteria that insert their plasmid into plant cells -removing cell walls sometimes allows plant cells to take up foreign DNA on their own

  28. Other Types of Transformation • Animals: -Many egg cells are large enough that DNA can be directly injected

  29. DNA SEQUENCE (Gel Electrophoresis) - can be used to solve crimes or determine paternity - requires restriction enzyme to cut the DNA , and electrophoresis to separate it

  30. Steps of Crime Scene Investigation or Who the Baby DADDY???? a.)  DNA extraction Making Copies Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used to make multiple copies of genes

  31. c.  cutting DNA – restriction enzymes d.) separating & analyzing DNA Scientist use gel electrophoresis =

  32. TransgenicOrganisms Contains genes from other species Microorganisms (bacteria) Animals (mouse; medical uses) Plants (agricultural uses) *GM Crops

  33. Gene causes these mice to glow in the dark. Normally, the gene is found in jellyfish.

  34. Cloning member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell easy to clone single cell organisms multicellular organisms more difficult to clone a twin is a natural clone 1997  Dolly the sheep cloned, 1st mammal

  35. Clones do exist naturally.  These are identical twins.

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