Immigrant Political Incorporation Workshop I September 14-15, 2007 Harvard University

1. Immigrant Political Incorporation Workshop ISeptember 14-15, 2007Harvard University Sponsored by the Center for American Political Studies and the W.E.B. DuBois Institute for African & African American Research at Harvard University

2. Schedule 9:30 – 10:30 a.m. Session I: Typologies Moderator: Claudine Gay Lisa García Bedolla, Jennifer Hochschild, Ann Chih Lin 10:30 – 10:45 a.m. Break 10:45 – 11:45 a.m. Session II: Focus on Individual Level Outcomes Moderator: Michael Jones-Correa Dennis Chong, Taeku Lee, Gary Segura 12:00 - 1:30 p.m. Lunch 1:30 – 2:30 p.m. Session III: Focus on Intra-Group Dynamics Moderator: Jennifer Hochschild Michael Jones-Correa, Janelle Wong, Aristide Zolberg 2:30 – 2:45 p.m. Break 2:45 – 3:45 p.m. Session IV: Focus on Group Level Outcomes Moderator: Claudine Gay John Mollenkopf, Karthick Ramakrishnan, Reuel Rogers 3:45 – 4:15 p.m. Break 4:15 – 5:30 p.m. Session V: Context Moderator: Claudine Gay Nolan McCarty, Paula McClain, Doug Rae, Margaret Weir

3. Session I:TypologiesLisa García BedollaJennifer HochschildAnn Chih Lin

4. U.S. Immigration Policy • Affects: • Ability to come, to work, and • to settle • Feeling of security re: legal • status • Time, effort, and resources • necessary to • be eligible for • citizenship • U.S. Foreign and • Economic Policy • Affects: • Decision to migrate • In some cases, economic • status of migrant • Legal status upon arrival • Settlement community and • presence of co-ethnics Incorporation “Model” Lisa García Bedolla • Immigrant Engagement • Includes: • Any collective organization • or activity, broadly defined • Formal voting likely • is the least significant • aspect of this • Activity may be directed at U.S. • or home country issues • Affects: • Not only the quality of life and • opportunity structure in the • home community, but also all • of the other inputs • Causality is dialectical – • activity affects the nature of • the inputs which in turn • affect the context within • which subsequent activity • may occur • Settlement Community • Affects: • Economic opportunity structure • including mobility opportunities • Political opportunity structure including • access to politicized social networks, • governmental/institutional accessibility • and/or engagement opportunities • (parties, community orgs, etc.) Mediating Factor: HISTORY Influences and affects everything – process is a moving target within time and space • Individual Attributes: • Levels of education/job skills • prior to arrival and after arrival • Feelings of self esteem/efficacy • General understanding of and • experience with politics/collective • action (i.e., labor organizing, • community organizing, democracy • movements, etc.) • Affect: • Receptiveness to collective • mobilization

5. Immigrant Political IncorporationJennifer Hochschild, Sept. 14, 2007 2. Direct participation in politics 1 3. Representation of interests in political arena 4. Policy and/or political change to meet interests 4a. Or interests transformed 1. Entrance into host country 5. Reciprocal impact of polity on immigrants 7. context 6. Non-incorporation

6. Ann Chih Lin, Harvard Conference, September 2007(Homeland political/social activity) OR (SAFE Family political/social activity) ==> Political EFFICACY(Non-ethnic networks) OR (SOME Broad ethnic networks) ==> System KNOWLEDGE (SOME non-ethnic networks) OR (Broad ethnic networks)==> SYSTEM or ETHNICMOBILIZATION

7. Session II:Focus on Individual Level OutcomesDennis ChongTaeku LeeGary Segura

8. Dennis Chong

9. Immigrant Political Incorporation = ƒ(mainstream politicization, ethnic politicization, immigration-related context, institutional context, historical context) Institutional Context = ƒ(party competition, electoral rules, civic institutions, counterpublic sphere) where Mainstream Politicization = ƒ(efficacy, trust, party acquisition, civic engagement, home country politicization) Ethnic Politicization = ƒ(group-based definition, identification, consciousness, venue selection, and coordination) Immigration-related Context = ƒ(immigration history, socio-economic in/exclusion, group resources) Historical Context = ƒ(focal events, collective memory, political opportunity structure, political transformation) Taeku Lee, University of California at Berkeley 14-15 September 2007, Cambridge, MA

10. Behavioral and Attitudinal Model of Immigrant Incorporation Economic Socio-Cultural Political • Initial economic resources, human and financial capital; • Remittance and HTA transfers to home country; • Educational attainment; • Skill acquisition and/or entrepreneurial activities; • Organized Labor • Labor and politics • Transnational connections: • + political experience and attention; • Emotional ties and the myth of return • Levels of Residential and social segregation: • + Community Resource • - Isolation • Level of social capital formation; • Modes of mobilization; • More bonding than bridging; • Levels of efficacy and systemic trust; • Identification of politics as the preferred vehicle to goals; • Connection of ethnic identity or solidarity to political action; • Comprehension of US polity: • Racial hierarchies; • Class interests; • Party coalitions on these dimensions.; Factors Endogenous To Immigrant Agency Employer incentives: - maintain labor force with limited options/rights + assure constancy of labor supply; Economic discrimination; Labor market regulation; • Language policy: • White insistence vs. resistance • Effective policy response or symbolic fits of temper; • Problematic self-conceptions of Anglo-American culture: • Pure, enduring and superior • Vaguely racial or ethnic identity • Uniquely possessing key value orientations of “Americanism” • Probable “racialization” of immigrant populations • Political opportunity structures in both urban settings and political parties; • Do existing political forces see immigrants as recruits? • Weighing comparative advantage of immigrant incorporation vs. nativist mobilization; Factors Endogenous To Anglo/ American Agency Gary M. Segura, University of Washington, 2007

11. Session III:Focus on Intra-Group DynamicsMichael Jones-CorreaJanelle WongAristide Zolberg

12. Michael Jones-Correa Immigrant Political Incorporation Pathways Bureaucratic services Access through lobbying State-sponsored Immigrant organized procedural Transnational Schools Descriptive Non-Descriptive voluntary Professional Associations Representation Voting Community based organizations Churches Neighborhood organizations electoral

13. Individual Participation and activism Formal citizenship Sense of belonging Descriptive representation Substantive policy influence Residential, occupational,social integration Aggregate citizenship Organizational representation and influence Electoral influence and impact Transnational ties Racialization and group position Internal diversity and cohesion US foreign policy Intergroup relations State support and policy context Geographic concentration and location Institutional mobilization Group size Aggregate group resources Group history National Origin Group or Panethnic Group Key Indep Variables fs Outcome (Dependent) Variables Individual resources Attitudes Residential/occup/social integration Family (bidirectional socialization) Institutional mobilization Descriptive representation Organizational membership Media exposure and use Identity Religious affiliation and practice Unit of Analysis What about historical context? Short-term vs. Long-term activity (HTAs and Immigrant rights marches)? Janelle Wong

14. Aristide Zolberg naturalization physical entry legal entry (as permanent resident) voter registration

15. Session IV:Focus on Group Level Outcomes John Mollenkopf Karthick Ramakrishnan Reuel Rogers

16. John Mollenkopf, Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNYModel of Immigrant Political Incorporation IPI = f (A. group political resources + deficits) x (B. political opportunity structure in context of reception) x (C. group political strategy)

17. Ramakrishnan Political/Civic Outcomes Economic Outcomes Explanatory Factors • INDIVIDUAL • Earnings • Employment • Education, Labor Skills • Wealth • Consumption • INDIVIDUAL • Identities • Attitudes/Norms • Information • Resources • Behavior • HOUSEHOLD • Wealth • Consumption • Intra-household allocation andintergenerational transmission of wealth, employment, etc. • ETHNIC COMMUNITY • Business niche • Labor market niche • Networks of humanand economic capital • ORGANIZATION • Identities • Resources • Presence/Recognition • Influence Social Outcomes • INDIVIDUAL • Identities • Attitudes/Norms • Behavior (fertility, marriage, residence, language use, etc) • Class position • Social capital • ETHNIC COMMUNITY • Identities • Resources • Presence/Recognition • Influence • HOUSEHOLD • Intra-household allocation andintergenerational transmission of identities, norms, behavior • Residential choices • Class position • Social capital • ETHNIC COMMUNITY • Social/class position • Inequalities within • Racialization • Residential patterns • Social capital • PLACE • Economic context • (city size, economy, labor market) • Residential context • (ethnic concentrations, enclaves) • Context of political/civic culture • (history of racial/ethnic relations, participation) • Context of political institutions • (history of racial/ethnic politics, immig policies) • (district vs. at-large; partisan elections; party competition) • ORGANIZATION TYPE • Motivating goal or mission(religious, HTA, labor) • Formal vs. Informal • Leadership and membership/ clientele structure • Characteristics of leaders • ETHNIC GROUP • Legal/citizenship status • Racialization, social/class position, foreigner status • Recency of migration, mix of generations • Language use and proficiency OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Snapshots vs. change-over-time; Expectations based on historicalcomparisons; Comparative advantage of political science?

18. Immigrant Political Incorporation Model Group-level Variables Size Home country regime characteristics Socioeconomic resources Organizational resources or civic capacity Residential patterns Contextual-level Variables Electoral rules Party competitiveness Institutional density and openness Out-group dynamics or group threat Degree of discrimination Political Incorporation Outcomes Descriptive representation Substantive representation Civic incorporation Bureaucratic incorporation Socioeconomic mobility Residential mobility Reuel Rogers

19. Session V:Context Nolan McCarty Paula McClain Doug Rae Margaret Weir

20. Immigrant Incorporation:Political Economic Considerations The Disenfranchisement effect. If non-citizens have lower incomes than citizens, the median voter will have a greater than median resident. The Sharing effect. Immigrants tend to have lower average incomes and so disproportionately gain from redistribution. The Altruism effect. Immigration lessen altruistic to redistribute income. The Exclusion effect: Voters may have incentives to lower both because they dislike immigrants and because of the sharing effect. • Incorporation (via elimination of the disenfranchisement effect or enhancing participation of foreign-born citizens) increases redistribution, but it may be offset by a negative effect on altruism. • There are likely to be greater barriers to incorporation where immigrants are poorer and where ethnic differences are greatest. Nolan McCarty

21. Effects of Latino Immigration into the South on Aspects of Intergroup Relations Paula McClain

22. Long Cycle Trends Impacting Immigrant Incorporation in City Politics Doug Rae

23. Immigrant Political Incorporation – • Local Organizational Variation as a Determinant of Incorporation • What are the circumstances that give rise to organizations that use their resources to promote immigrant incorporation? • How does the geographic location or reach of organizations fit with the changing geography of immigrant location? • Organizations • Immigrant Rights Organizations: • What determines where these organizations exist? • What is their geographic reach? • Established Ethnic Organizations: • Do these organizations seek to mobilize co-ethnic immigrants? • How does immigrant geographic movement – away from gentrifying urban neighborhoods and directly to suburbs -- influence the capabilities and agendas of established ethnic organizations? • Religious Institutions: • What are the organizational capacities of the religious institutions to which immigrants belong? • Do religious institutions view themselves as political advocates for immigrants or as a place of nonpolitical sanctuary? • Labor Unions: • Immigrants as organizational building resource or as unwelcome competitor? • Organizing networks: • What is the capacity of local organizing networks (IAF, ACORN, PICO, Gamaliel) • to promote immigrant incorporation? • Political Parties and Politicians: • When is it in the interests of politicians to promote immigrant incorporation? • What resources can they bring to the effort? • Three Historical/Contextual Considerations: • Focusing Events: Visible anti-immigrant action as a spur to incorporation • Geographic Variation in Organizational Presence • Inter-organizational links Margaret Weir