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Ports, Harbors, and the Urban Coast An Introduction to the Marine Transportation System Jim Kruse, Texas Sea Grant Jim Fawcett, USC Sea Grant A Crash Course in Marine Transportation History of Sea Grant involvement in Marine Transportation and Seaports A primer on marine transportation
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Ports, Harbors, and the Urban Coast An Introduction to the Marine Transportation System Jim Kruse, Texas Sea Grant Jim Fawcett, USC Sea Grant
A Crash Course in Marine Transportation • History of Sea Grant involvement in Marine Transportation and Seaports • A primer on marine transportation • Who are the Sea Grant Specialists • What we do • How we can help you
Sea Grant Extension and Port Management • Previously, group of marine transportation and seaport specialists from 1980 to about 1995 • Represented all four coastlines • Informal group • Group gradually disbanded as specialists retired, became administrators, or left Sea Grant • Theme is now being restored with the support of the NSGO and the National Review Panel
Marine Transportation Terms • MTS: Marine Transportation System • TEU: Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (used in measuring the volume of container traffic) • Container: A steel intermodal cargo container of standard size • Bulk cargo: Cargo not carried in containers • Terminal: A facility designed to accommodate one or more ships alongside a wharf where cargo of a specific type can be loaded and unloaded with specialized equipment
Marine Transportation Terms-II • Load Center: Large regional seaport, a “hub” • Feeder Port: Subsidiary seaport, often sends cargo to load center ports • Niche Port: Port specializing in one or a few types of cargoes • Non-maritime Port: Cargo handled only by barges, not seagoing cargo ships
The US Marine Transportation System • More than 1,000 harbor channels • 25,000 miles of inland, intracoastal and coastal waterways • More than 300 ports 3,700 terminals that handle cargo or passengers
Inland Support Infrastructure to the MTS • 152,000 miles of rail 460,000 miles of pipeline 45,000 miles of interstate highways
Major Functions of the MTS • Cargo Movement • Passenger Movement • Marine Recreation • Fishing & Processing • Ports for Navy and Coast Guard • System Maintenance (ship construction yards, ship repair yards)
Tell me again: What’s a TEU? • Twenty-foot equivalent unit • “Standard” container is 40 ft • Container traffic statistics are in TEUs • “box” = container
Measuring Cargo Volume • For containerized cargo: TEUs (number of 20-foot cargo container equivalents) • For bulk cargoes (oil, grain, minerals): tonnage • When comparing port statistics of cargo volume, be aware of the difference between the two types of measurements
Terms: Tonnage • Can be metric (2,205 lbs) or short (2,000 lbs) tons • Typical measurement for bulk and break bulk cargoes
World Container Ports by Volume, 2001 Includes domestic, international and empty repositioning containers Source: JoC Week, Vol. 3, Issue 32, August, 2002
U.S. Foreign Trade via Ocean Container Transport 20 Largest US Exporters (2002) Source: JoC Week, Vol. 4, Issue 17, April 28, 2003
U.S. Foreign Trade via Ocean Container Transport 20 Largest US Importers (2002) Source: JoC Week, Vol. 4, Issue 17, April 28, 2003
U.S. Ports Ranked by Total Tons 2001 Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Navigation Data Center, www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc
Managing the Vessel Harbor Pilots Tug Assist Dockage, Channel Fees Turning Basins Demurrage Docking Maneuvers
Box Barge 200' x 35' Outer188' x 28' x 14' Inner80,000 cubic ft of cargo space Tank Barge 10,000 Barrels195' Rake Barge 195' x 35' Outer158' x 28' x 14' Inner60,000 Cubic ft of cargo space
Managing the Cargo • Linehandlers • Stevedores • Warehousemen • Security • Clerks • Truckers • Etc.
Bulk Cargo Terminals-I • Cargoes are not palletized, containerized or unitized in any way (grain, oil, minerals, aggregates) • Typically they require loaders/unloaders • They require large storage areas or containment areas (transit sheds, elevators, coveredstorage, pipelines and tank farms)
Bulk Cargo Terminals--II • Transportation cost is a high % of total cost of goods • Goods themselves are often raw materials • Wharfage charged on a tonnage basis
Break-Bulk Cargo • Palletized, crated, or boxed cargo • Cargo that will not fit in a cargo container, usually • Sometimes this cargo is carried break-bulk because the port cannot handle containers
Neo-Bulk Cargoes • Structural steel • Large machinery (earthmovers, industrial equipment, yachts)
Containerized Cargo-I • The majority of non-bulk of cargo handled worldwide • Requires specialized cranes and yard equipment • Require marshalling yards of >40 acres per ship berth for container storage/positioning • Special areas in the port required for inspection
Containerized Cargo--II • Requires large gate complexes to manage trailer-borne containers into and out of the marine terminal • Often new terminals also have dockside rail connections within the terminal • An area of the port that can be very congested • Security is always an issue • Port charges tariffs on a “per container” basis
General Cargo • “Project cargoes” that may include trailers, pre-fab buildings, earthmoving equipment, drilling rigs • Roll-on/Roll-off vessels (vehicles are driven on and off the vessel--imported/exported cars and trucks) [Like your new Maserati]