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Cloning in Nature

Cloning in Nature. Parthenogenesis. Monozygotic twins (embryo splitting). (incomplete embryo splitting). Egg Cell and Sperm Cells. Pg. 661. Ca 2+ Wave. Metaphase arrest. Ca 2+ and Egg Activation. SEP. “Calcium wave”. Cleavage Stage Embryos. Pre-compaction. Compaction.

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Cloning in Nature

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  1. Cloning in Nature Parthenogenesis Monozygotic twins (embryo splitting) (incomplete embryo splitting)

  2. Egg Cell and Sperm Cells Pg. 661

  3. Ca 2+ Wave Metaphase arrest

  4. Ca2+ and Egg Activation SEP “Calcium wave”

  5. Cleavage Stage Embryos Pre-compaction Compaction

  6. Cadherin (Homophilic Cell Adhesion Molecule)

  7. 50 µm Blastocycst Uterus Inner Cell Mass (ICM) Blastocyst Blastocoel Trophoblast

  8. Pre-implantation Development (~ 7 days in humans)

  9. Mammals Cloned by Embryo Splitting Sheep Cattle Mouse Pig Horse Rhesus monkey

  10. Blastomere Isolation

  11. “Tetra”

  12. Mammals Cloned by SCNT Horse Goat Rabbit Cat Dog Gaur Sheep Mouse Cattle Pig Mule “Dolly” “Copy Cat”

  13. Removal of genetic material from oocyte Transfer of diploid nucleus from adult somatic cell or Embryonic cell into “enucleated” oocyte Oocyte Activation Cleavage divisions of “reconstructed” embryo

  14. SCNT in Mice Condensed Chromosomes Injected somatic nucleus Pseudo-pronuclei Ca 2+ injection cytochalasin

  15. Removal of genetic material from oocyte Transfer of diploid nucleus from adult somatic cell or Embryonic cell into “enucleated” oocyte Oocyte Activation Cleavage divisions of “reconstructed” embryo

  16. Somatic cell donor “mom” Copy Cat

  17. Somatic cell donor “mom” Copy Cat

  18. Inactive X Chromosome (“Barr Body”)

  19. X Chromosome Inactivation ICM cells of Blastocyst

  20. Somatic cell donor “mom” Copy Cat

  21. Neural Plasticity Environment has a significant role in establishing and maintaining neural connections in the brain

  22. Stem Cell Concept Pluripotent Multipotent Unipotent

  23. Regenerative Medicine Stem Cells Transplant into patients

  24. Pluripotent Stem Cells

  25. Mouse Chimeras with Embryonic Stem Cells

  26. Science 282: 1145-1147 November 6, 1998

  27. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Stem Cells Mouse “feeder” cells

  28. Normal Karyotype in Cultured Human Embryonic Stem Cells

  29. Cultured Cells Remain Undifferentiated Telomerase Activity Undifferentiation “Markers” Oct4 SSAE4

  30. Teratoma Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm (gut epithelium) (squamous epithelium) (bone and cartilage)

  31. OCT4 Embryonic Stem Cell Signaling Pathways These Pathways are necessary for maintaining the undifferentiated State

  32. Nature 456: 344-349 November 20, 2008

  33. Science 318: 1917-1920 December 21, 2007

  34. Science 321: 1218-1221 August 29, 2008

  35. iPS Cell Colony from Patient with ALS Reprogramming Genes: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC

  36. Neurons from iPS Cells Derived from ALS patient

  37. Tissues with Adult Stem Cells Bone marrow/peripheral blood/umbilical cord Blood vessels Brain/spinal cord Skeletal muscle Colon Liver Pancreas Retina/cornea Skin Dental pulp

  38. Adult Stem Cell Life-long Multipotent Plasticity?

  39. Adult Stem Cells Multipotent Progenitor Cells

  40. Stem Cell Niche Stem Cell

  41. (Common Myeloid progenitor) (Common Lymphoid progenitor)

  42. Signaling Pathways for Self Renewal in Adult Stem Cells Signals produced with the HSC niche

  43. Cytkine Signaling via Jak/STAT Pathway

  44. Cytokines in Hematopoiesis

  45. Bone Marrow

  46. (Common Myeloid progenitor) (Common Lymphoid progenitor)

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