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Islam

Islam. HISTORY & ORIGINS. Arabian Peninsula. Important Cities. Mecca & Yathrib (Medina). Kaaba. Muhammad. Prophet Gabriel orders him to preach Mecca = unsuccessful Yathrib = successful Becomes Medina “city of the prophet” Commemorated as Hejira Built an army and defeated Mecca.

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Islam

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  1. Islam

  2. HISTORY & ORIGINS • Arabian Peninsula

  3. Important Cities • Mecca & Yathrib (Medina)

  4. Kaaba

  5. Muhammad • Prophet • Gabriel orders him to preach • Mecca = unsuccessful • Yathrib = successful • Becomes Medina“city of the prophet” • Commemorated as Hejira • Built an army and defeated Mecca

  6. Teachings - 5 Pillars • 1 Shahadah • Declaration of faith لآ اِلَـهَ اِلاَّ لله محمد رسول الله“La ilahailla Allah: Muhammadunrasulu Allah” –“No God but Allah: Muhammad is the prophet of Allah”

  7. 2 Salat (Salah) • Prayers • 5 times a day • Facing East • Mecca

  8. 3 Zakat • Tax (Charity) • 2.5 % of yearly income

  9. 4 Sawm • Fasting During Ramadan • Sunrise to sunset

  10. 5 Hajj • Pilgrimage to Mecca • Exceptions • Physical • Financial

  11. Text • Koran (Quran) • Exact word of Godas revealed to Muhammad

  12. The Koran • Mohammad’s teachings • Written by his followers • Torah and Bible • Have stories similar stories • Parables • Prophecy

  13. Conditions before Islam • 600’s A.D. • No Empire on the Arabian Peninsula-too harsh of an environment • People did come through the area to trade

  14. Arabian Desert

  15. Mohammed • born 570 A.D. • poor family • Kuraish tribe, who dominate Mecca • controlling much of the religious pilgrim trade • raised by relatives-specifically an uncle

  16. Mohammed • Commercial agent for a wealthy widow • supervising caravans from Mecca, north to Jerusalem • contact with both Jews and Christians • Made an impression on his boss and married her • retired to devote himself to his principal interest • religion

  17. Mohammed (cont.) • monogamous until his wife died • eventually married nine wives • last marriage at 53 to Aishah, daughter of a friend • wives: widows of friends or political marriages

  18. Career • Early • Wasn’t successful • Threatened political, social, and religious structures • Economy in Mecca • Left Mecca • Hejira • 622 AD-Start of the Islamic calendar • Arrived in Medina • Return • Returns to Mecca and wins

  19. The Deal • Mecca preserved as a holy city and place of pilgrimage • to preserve the economic prosperity • the Kaaba preserved as the central shrine • idols destroyed • story of its origins changed • pilgrimage as an act of faith

  20. Similarities to Judaism and Christianity • monotheism (defined a bit differently) • insistence on the responsibility of human beings • final judgment and rewards • angels and spirits • practice of virtues

  21. Early Problems • Succession- Who would follow Mohammed? • generated a permanent split in the Islamic community • Sunnis • Shi’as

  22. Divisions • Sunni • 85-90% of Muslims • Any devout Muslim can be caliph • Shiites • 10-15% of Muslims • Descendants of Ali can be caliph (leader of Muslims) • Past-Ali and his son were assassinated (Shiites: Angry) • Present: Iraq-Sunni Minority, who gets the power. Attacks on each other bombings, fights.

  23. What is this cartoon showing?

  24. Why Islam was successful? • Did not force conversion, Jews and Christians had to pay “non-believer tax” • Muslims were united…to die in battle was a guarantee of eternal paradise • Islam emphasized human equality • How does that fit with what we know?

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