Societies at Crossroads

1. Societies at Crossroads

2. Societies at Crossroads • Four Empires at turning points by the 19th century—3 declining, one rising • The Ottoman Empire (in decline) • Russia (in decline) • China (in decline) • Japan (on the rise) • What do they have in common? • What made Japan different from the others?

3. Societies at Crossroads • The Ottoman Empire • Recap of the Ottoman Empire • Beginning of Decline

4. Societies at Crossroads • The Ottoman Empire • Reasons for decline • Political instability • Nationalism • Cultural stagnation

5. Societies at Crossroads • The Ottoman Empire • Political decline led to loss of territory • Invasion of Egypt by Napoleon in 1798 • Civil War in the 1820s • Greek Revolution 1830 • Serbian independence in 1867

6. Societies at Crossroads • The Ottoman Empire • Economic Problems • Capitulations • Unmanageable Bureaucracy

7. Societies at Crossroads • The Ottoman Empire • Attempts at Reform by Sultan Mahmud II (1808-1839) • Tanzimat Era (1839-1876)

8. Societies at Crossroads • The Ottoman Empire • A coup in 1876 places Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) on the throne • Young Turks

9. Societies at Crossroads • The Ottoman Empire • Nationalist movements tear empire apart • The “Eastern Question”

10. The Decline of the Ottoman Empire

11. Societies at Crossroads • The Russian Empire • Stretched from Europe to the Pacific • Absolute monarchy under the Czar • Lagged far behind other European powers

12. Societies at Crossroads • The Russian Empire • Military defeats expose Russia’s weaknesses • Crimean War (1854-56) • Causes • Consequences

13. Societies at Crossroads • The Russian Empire • Defeat from Crimean War prompted abolition of serfdom • Other Reforms

14. Societies at Crossroads • The Russian Empire • Industrialization • Motivation • Count Sergei Witte • Tensions

15. Societies at Crossroads • The Russian Empire • International Crises • Revolution of 1905

16. The Russian Empire

17. Societies at Crossroads • The Chinese Empire • A technological leader during the 1500s • Began its decline in the 19th century • Spheres of Influence

18. Societies at Crossroads • The Chinese Empire • Chinese Market • Restriction of European Trade

19. Societies at Crossroads • The Chinese Empire • Growth of Opium Trade • Effects of Opium Trade • The Opium War (1839-42)

20. Societies at Crossroads • The Chinese Empire • Treaty of Nanjing • “Era of Unequal Treaties”

21. Societies at Crossroads • The Chinese Empire • Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • Causes • Consequences

22. Societies at Crossroads • The Chinese Empire • Attempts at Reform • “Self Strengthening Movement” (1860-1895) • “Hundred Days’ Reform” (1898) • Opposition to Reform

23. Societies at Crossroads • The Chinese Empire • Unequal Treaties causes resentment among Chinese • Boxer Rebellion (1899) • Revolution of 1911

24. The Chinese Empire

25. Societies at Crossroads • Japan • Isolation • Tokugawa Shogunate • Social discontent by the early 1800s • European powers and the United States desire normal relations with Japan by the 1840s

26. Societies at Crossroads • Japan • Matthew Perry’s Visit • Opening to Trade

27. Societies at Crossroads • Japan • Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate • Meiji Restoration (1868)

28. Societies at Crossroads • Japan • Meiji government reorganizes Japanese society • Goals • Reforms

29. Societies at Crossroads • Japan • Emergence of Japan • Adoption of Imperialism