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The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics

The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics. Sourendu Gupta (TIFR) St. Xavier’s College, 6/1/2005. The people. David J. Gross Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics University of California at Santa Barbara USA (b. 1941). The people. H. David Politzer California Institute of Technology USA

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The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics

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  1. The 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics Sourendu Gupta (TIFR) St. Xavier’s College, 6/1/2005

  2. The people David J. Gross Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics University of California at Santa Barbara USA (b. 1941) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  3. The people H. David Politzer California Institute of Technology USA (b. 1949) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  4. The people Frank Wilczek Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA (b. 1951) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  5. The prize “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in strong interactions” $1,300,000 Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  6. The work Gross and Wilczek, “Ultraviolet behaviour of non-Abelian gauge theories”, Physical Review Letters, vol 30, p 1343-1346, 1973 Politzer: Reliable perturbative results for Strong Interactions?”, Physical Review Letters, vol 30, p 1346-1349, 1973 Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  7. Nobel Prizes for theStrong Interactions 2004 Gross, Politzer, Wilczek 1990 Friedman, Kendall, Taylor (DIS) 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (RG/LGT) 1976 Richter, Ting (J/) 1969 Murray Gell-Mann (quark model) 1968 Luis Alvarez (hadrons) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  8. The two arms of physics Variables: what are the things that make up what we study …analysis Dynamics: how do the variables interact and move ….synthesis Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  9. Elementary Particles: variables 1895: e 1935: e,p,n,, “Who ordered that?” - Rabi 1950: e,p,n,,,,,,,,… “Had I foreseen that, I would have gone into botany” - Fermi Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  10. QED Variables are e, , ,  Dynamics is Maxwell’s dynamics with quantization: Dirac, Heisenberg, Bethe (1930s) Theory solved in the 40’s (Feynman, Schwinger, Tomonaga) Very successful in describing experiments Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  11. Quantum Hadron Dynamics? Theory of meson baryon interactions was in a mess…. Yukawa theory (1932) 1960s: S-matrix, dual resonance, Regge, string theory…. Variables were wrong, the dynamics was premature Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  12. The Eightfold Way (variables) • The “periodic table” of hadrons • Building block of hadrons are quarks • Mesons contain a quark and an anti-quark, baryons have 3 quarks • Masses of hadrons are predictions Gell-Mann, Zweig, Nishijima (1953) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  13. The Eightfold Way (variables) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  14. The Eightfold Way (variables) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  15. The Eightfold Way (variables) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  16. The Eightfold Way (variables) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  17. The era of massive confusion Quark search experiments failed. Idea of confinement: quarks live only inside hadrons Colour: Nambu, Fritzsch, Gell-Mann Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  18. The crucial experiment Deep inelastic scattering- the ‘Rutherford experiment’ of particle physics First view of quarks Friedman, Kendall, Taylor (1969) Bjorken, Feynman Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  19. Particles in the Standard Model (1990s) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  20. Quantum Chromo-Dynamics: the dynamics ofquarks and gluons Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  21. Screening in a plasma Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  22. Effective charge A modification to Coulomb’s law is the same as a distance dependent charge: renormalization Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  23. The bubbling vacuum Quantum fluctuations: t < h/2 Particles can be produced from vacuum for a short time In a quantum field theory the vacuum bubbles over with particles Since it has mobile charges, the vacuum screens Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  24. Charge renormalization: screening in QED Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  25. Anti-screening in QCD Asymptotic freedom is anti-screening: the opposite of electrodynamics Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  26. QCD is born (SLAC to LEP) Asymptotic freedom allowed computation of deep-inelastic cross sections, predicted lepton pair production, jets, etc …many physicists (1970s to 1990s) Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  27. Does anti-screening in vacuum become screening in matter? Are there new phases of matter in xxtreme conditions, like a QCD plasma? Relativistic heavy-ion collisions and LGT… At long distances charge grows; does confinement follow? Are there glueballs? New 5q or 6q states? Why is a proton so heavy? Lattice gauge theory… Open problems for you Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  28. Where it all connects High temperature matter: early in the history of the universe High density matter: in neutron stars and other supernova remnants Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  29. The RHIC at Brookhaven Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  30. The CRAY in TIFR Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  31. Thank You Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  32. How good is QCD? Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

  33. How good is QCD? Nobel 2004, Sourendu Gupta, Xavier's College, 2005

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