Roads as Routes to the Future - Porous Pavement and Other Innovations

1. Roads as Routes to the Future- Porous Pavement and Other Innovations Presentation by John Harrison, managing director of TecEco and inventor of Tec and Eco-Cements and the CarbonSafe process. TecEco are in the biggest business on the planet – that of solving global warming waste and water problems Our slides are deliberately verbose as most people download and view them from the net. Because of time constraints I will have to race over some slides John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA.

2. We have a Planet in Crisis • Fresh Water • Global warming • Energy • Waste & Pollution • Top soils • Logistics • In the next 50 years many issues will become critical: This presentation discusses roads. Attempts to point out where we are going wrong and rethink their purpose hollistically.

3. Fresh Water • The amount of water in the world is finite. The number of us is growing quickly and our water use is growing more quickly. • A third of the world's population lives in water-stressed countries. By 2025, this is expected to rise to two-thirds. • The world's supply of fresh water is running out. Already one person in five has no access to safe drinking water. • Australians are talking about 3 de-salination or de-putrification plants yet millions of litres are captured by our streets and drained away every day.

4. Salination of Water • De-afforestation, agriculture, irrigation, salination, desertification. • Is a sequence we seem unable to learn from history to stop. • It destroyed the fertile crescent and it will destroy much of Australia’s rivers and agriculture.

5. Waste & Pollution There are various estimates, but globally we produce about 5-600 million tonnes of waste each year. Waste can cause ill health in an area, leads to the contamination of land, underground water, streams and coastal waters (destroying our fisheries) and gives rise to various nuisances including increased traffic, noise, odours, smoke, dust, litter and pests. Most damaging is the release of dangerous molecules to the global commons.

6. Our Road Network • Roads are the veins, arteries and lymphatic system of cities. • They provide • The network for • The transport of resources and wastes • Drainage • The route for all services • Water • Sewerage • Electricity • Gas • Telephone etc.

7. Mayhem? • Roads and associated services as they are today have not been thought out. They have evolved. • In the past the agencies that are responsible for these networks and services have more or less acted independently of each other resulting in • Wasted Resources • Additional Cost • How often do you see different crews digging up the same bit of road? • This is not sustainable! You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete. – Buckminster Fuller

8. Thinking is Supposed to Distinguish us from Other Animals • The engineering paradigm too prevalent amongst the road building fraternity is: • “Roads are for vehicles” “water on roads in dangerous” “collect it and get rid of it as quickly as possible” • Given the current water crisis can this limited thinking be allowed to continue? • Only a small % of water reticulated through a community is used for drinking. • Most is used for washing, laundry, flushing toilets or watering gardens. • Perhaps the water caught by our road drainage systems could be used for these purposes.

9. Duplication? • In Australia we run many duplicate services down each side of a road. Given the high cost of installing infrastructure it would be smarter to adopt a system whereby services run down the middle of a road down what amount to giant box culverts. • Adding services is easy • And not involve digging up the whole road • Repair and maintenance would be easier • And cost much less

10. Hollistically Designed Roads Conventional bitumen or concrete footpath pavement Services to either side of the road. All in same trench of conduit Porous eco-cement concrete pavement surface using recycled aggregates Porous gravel under for collection, cleansing and storage of water Service conduit down middle of road Collection drains to transport drain or pipe in service conduit at intervals Possible leakage to street trees and underground aquifers Foamed concrete root redirectors and pavement protectors Impermeable layer (concrete or plastic liner) angling for main flow towards collection drains Its time for a road re think!

11. Collecting Water Using Porous Pavement • An unknown but huge quantity of water is drained away to sea taking with it polluting substances and articles every time it rains on our cities. • This rapid drainage or rain requires a high cost of investment in much larger drains than the original natural drainage replaced because water no longer percolates through natural vegetation and obstacles. • In urban and some agricultural areas water gets to the sea in hours not days! • This water could be collected by permeable roads also acting as giant water filters, subterranean reservoirs (the city of Alexandria had huge underground cisterns over 2000 years ago) and collection and redistribution network. • An essential component of this paradigm is porous pavement.

12. Permeable or Porous Pavement • Porous pavement is a permeable pavement surface with a stone reservoir underneath. The reservoir temporarily stores surface runoff before infiltrating it into the subsoil or sub-surface drainage and in the process improves the water quality. Porous materials such as ancient lime mortars and porous pavements are made using relatively mono graded materials. In the case of porous pavement this translates as a lack of "fine" materials. No fines concrete or under asphalted gravel are names for common materials used. • Porous pavements allow the earth to breathe, take in water and be healthy. The stone and soil under them acts as a reservoir and cleans the water just like the filter on a fish tank. They are safer to drive on as they do not develop "puddles", have a good surface to grip and importantly, in Australia, some parts of the US and many other places in the world subdivisions made with porous pavement that also have street trees can be several degrees cooler than surrounding suburbs without.

13. The First Eco-Cement Porous Pavement TecEco's first practical test (to the right) has now been improved dramatically (see next slide) as too much water was used tending to wash the paste off a mono sized aggregate. We now make the paste a little stickier by adding fly ash and one or two other additives in small quantities as the aim is to emulate the manufacture of chocolate coated peanuts or raisins on a very hot day whereby they stick together. (Yum!)

14. Eco-Cement Porous Pavement Made with Re-Cycled Aggregate => Porous Pavement Allow many mega litres of good fresh water to become contaminated by the pollutants on our streets and pollute coastal waterways Or Capture and cleanse the water for our use? TecEco have now perfected porous pavements that can be made out of mono-graded recycled aggregates and other wastes.

15. Purifying Water • Porous pavements filter water falling on them releasing it slowly to sub-surface drains or aquifers and finally the sea. There is little or now surface run-off to carry rubbish into drains and streams. • Water quality is purified by the sub-pavement acting as a giant biofiliter allowing bacteria and oxygen to do their work and because surface rubbish does not contaminate it. 

16. Porous Pavements - An Opportunity for Sustainability • In years gone by forests and grassland covered most of our planet. When it rained much of the water naturally percolated though soils that performed vital functions of slowing down the rate of transport to rivers and streams, purifying the water and replenishing natural aquifers. • Our legacy has been to pave this natural bio filter, redirecting the water that fell as rain as quickly as possible to the sea. Given global water shortages, problems with salinity, pollution, volume and rate of flow of runoff we need to change our practices so as to mimic the way it was for so many millions of years before we started making so many changes. • Porous pavements are now seriously being considered by enlightened engineers around the world as a way of reducing run-off and improving safety. TecEco believe they are essential for our long term survival on this planet. • Proponents claim that porous pavements reduce the overloading of our present drainage system, cleanse water before it enters aquifers or streams and rivers, improve safety, reduce maintenance on buildings due to seasonal ground movement and reduce the costs of watering street trees.

17. Advantages of Porous Pavement (1) • Reduced volume and rate of runoff • Porous pavement would allow the replenishment of aquifers and reduced the cost of infrastructure to carry water out to sea as the volume and rate of flow would be less. Not as many pollutants, rubbish and debris would be transported reducing waterway pollution. • Cleaner water - less pollution • A porous pavement with integral bacteria would improve water quality entering aquifers, streams and rivers. The critical "first flush" of pollutants would be sent rapidly into the cross-section where constantly available sources of bacteria and microbes exist and have sufficient air exchange capability to maintain themselves and perform their cleaning functions. Porous pavements could act as both pavements and bio-filters at the same time. • Improved Pavement Safety • Water penetrates through porous pavements quickly leaving drier and safer surfaces with no standing water. • Drier pavements have the obvious effect of increasing friction between shoes or tyres and the foot, cycle path or road surface in wet weather and at the same time reducing road noise and spray, improving visibility. • Pavements are safer because they are not lubricated with a film of water flowing across the upper surface to the edge drains. As water does not tend to collect, sheet ice problems should be less in colder climates.

18. Advantages of Porous Pavement (2) • Less Maintenance • Aquifers would be more regularly replenished resulting in less variable ground moisture content, reduced ground movement with wet dry cycles and less maintenance on buildings and infrastructure. • Less Watering • A permeable surface will allow water to penetrate to street trees reducing the need for watering during dry periods and saving money. • Durability • Porous pavements made with TecEco Eco-Cements would not be attacked by salts and would last considerably longer that conventional binders such as bitumen ( in some countries referred to as asphalt) and Portland cement. • Sustainability • Porous pavements made with TecEco Eco-Cements would utilise a considerable proportion of wastes such as fly ash and as they would carbonate, provide substantial abatement. Water entering aquifers, streams and rivers would be of higher quality and carry less macro pollutants. Fresh water replenishment of aquifers would reduce salinity and reverse falling water tables.

19. Disadvantages Myths and Research(2) • The Clogging Myth - Stopping Common Sense to Prevail? • The experience of many engineers is that with relatively minor control and maintenance clogging will not reduce the infiltration rate below a design rate within the lifecycle of the pavement. Like any other kind of surface, porous pavements have to be swept periodically to remove debris and water under pressure can be used. • Research • TecEco are looking for governements/research institutions around the world interested in laying down experimental roads using Eco-Cement porous pavements and then monitoring run-off, water quality etc.

20. Porous Pavement as Carbon and Waste Sinks? • With the invention of eco-cements porous pavements can also act as carbon sinks and be made using waste materials. • TecEco eco-cements set by absorbing carbon dioxide out of the air and will therefore set in porous pavement. • If made with carbon capture as TecEco propose then our roads could become giant carbon sinks • Wastes such as mono-graded crushed used build materials and waste recycled aggregates can easily be used • Several environmental issues would be addressed at once including water quality, replenishment of aquifers, "hot city syndrome" atmospheric carbon reduction and waste. • If you want to know more about porous pavement go to TecEco newsletters 29, 35 and 42. A good website about managing stormwater using porous pavement is to be found at http://www.greenworks.tv/stormwater/porouspavement.htm

21. Making Porous Pavement • Ideally a porous pavement should be made with mono-graded stone aggregates and a binder and be similar to asphalt or concrete to handle and install. • In cold areas it is important that the pavement should not trap water otherwise in winter the water would freeze and cause cracking. • It is also important to detail a porous structural base and sub base for the pavement that has a high void ratio as this acts as a reservoir, and provide underground drainage as required.

22. Hot City Syndrome and Porous Pavement • Ever walked up a pebble beach on a hot sunny day? The heat held by the stones can be unbearable! It’s the same in large cities. There are so many materials with high specific heat that during hot sunny weather and with no natural transpiration, due to the fact that we have paved all the ground, large cities just get hotter and hotter. • As architects, engineers and designers of cities we need to come to grips with the macro impacts of the materials we use. Hot city syndrome is one of a number of man made phenomena that the use of porous Eco-Cement pavements will reduce. The solution is to let the ground breathe and porous pavements do this. Evaporation after all is still the principle behind many cooling systems – so why do we pave the ground and prevent moisture entering or exiting?

23. We Must Learn from Nature (Biomimicry) • Nature is very efficient. The waste from one plant or animal is the food or home for another. • By studying Nature we learn who we are, what we are and how we are to be.” (Wright, F.L. 1957:269) • In nature photosynthesis balances respiration. • We have nothing that balances our emissions in the techno-process • There is a strong need for similar efficiency and balance By learning from Nature we can all live together

24. Biomimicry • The term biomimicry was popularised by the book of the same name written by Janine Benyus • Biomimicry is a method of solving problems that uses natural processes and systems as a source of knowledge and inspiration. • It involves nature as model, measure and mentor. The theory behind biomimicry is that natural processes and systems have evolved over several billion years through a process of research and development commonly referred to as evolution. A reoccurring theme in natural systems is the cyclical flow of matter in such a way that there is no waste of matter or energy. Nature is very economical about all Processes. We must also be MUCH more economical

25. Re - Engineering Materials – What we Build With • To solve environmental problems we need to understand more about materials in relation to the environment. • the way their precursors are derived and their degradation products re assimilated • and how we can reduce the impact of these processes • what energies drive the evolution, devolution and flow of materials • and how we can reduce these energies • how materials impact on lifetime energies • With the knowledge gained re-design materials to not only be more sustainable but more sustainable in use Environmental problems are the result of inherently flawed materials, materials flows and energy systems

26. C C Waste C Waste C C Huge Potential for Sustainable Materials • Reducing the impact of the take and waste phases of the techno-process. • including carbon in materialsthey are potentially carbon sinks. • including wastes forphysical properties aswell as chemical compositionthey become resources. • re – engineeringmaterials toreduce the lifetimeenergy Many wastes can contribute to physical properties reducing lifetime energies

27. Utilizing Carbon and Wastes (Biomimicry) • During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals. • Sequestering carbon in magnesium binders and aggregates in the built environment mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals. In eco-cement blocks and mortars the binder is carbonate and the aggregates are preferably wastes We all use carbon and wastes to make our homes! “Biomimicry”

28. Biomimicry - Ultimate Recyclers • As peak oil looms and the price of transport is set to rise sharply • We should not just be recycling based on chemical property requiring sophisticated equipment and resources • We should be including wastes based on physical properties as well as chemical composition in composites whereby they become local resources. The Jackdaw recycles all sorts of things it finds nearby based on physical property. The bird is not concerned about chemical composition and the nest it makes could be described as a composite material. TecEco cements are benign binders that can incorporate all sort of wastes without reaction problems. We can do the same as the Jackdoor

29. TecEco Formulations • Tec-cements (5-15% MgO, 85-95% OPC) • contain more Portland cement than reactive magnesia. Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order as Portland cement forming Brucite which uses up water reducing the voids:paste ratio, increasing density and possibly raising the short term pH. • Reactions with pozzolans are more affective. After all the Portlandite has been consumed Brucite controls the long term pH which is lower and due to it’s low solubility, mobility and reactivity results in greater durability. • Other benefits include improvements in density, strength and rheology, reduced permeability and shrinkage and the use of a wider range of aggregates many of which are potentially wastes without reaction problems. • Eco-cements (15-95% MgO, 85-5% OPC) • contain more reactive magnesia than in tec-cements. Brucite in porous materials carbonates forming stronger fibrous mineral carbonates and therefore presenting huge opportunities for waste utilisation and sequestration. • Enviro-cements (5-15% MgO, 85-95% OPC) • contain similar ratios of MgO and OPC to eco-cements but in non porous concretes brucite does not carbonate readily. • Higher proportions of magnesia are most suited to toxic and hazardous waste immobilisation and when durability is required. Strength is not developed quickly nor to the same extent.

30. Tec & Eco-Cement Theory • Many Engineering Issues are Actually Mineralogical Issues • Problems with Portland cement concretes are usually resolved by the “band aid” engineering fixes. e.g. • Use of calcium nitrite, silanes, cathodic protection or stainless steel to prevent corrosion. • Use of coatings to prevent carbonation. • Crack control joins to mitigate the affects of shrinkage cracking. • Plasticisers to improve workability. • Portlandite and water are the weakness of concrete • TecEco remove Portlandite it and replacing it with magnesia which hydrates to Brucite. • The hydration of magnesia consumes significant water

31. Tec & Eco-Cement Theory • Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) is too soluble, mobile and reactive. • It carbonates, reacts with Cl- and SO4- and being soluble can act as an electrolyte. • TecEco generally (but not always) remove Portlandite using the pozzolanic reaction and • TecEco add reactive magnesia • which hydrates, consuming significant water and concentrating alkalis forming Brucite which is another alkali, but much less soluble, mobile or reactive than Portlandite. • In Eco-Cements brucite carbonates forming hydrated compounds with greater volume

32. Why Add Reactive Magnesia? • To maintain the long term stability of CSH. • Maintains alkalinity preventing the reduction in Ca/Si ratio. • To remove water. • Reactive magnesia consumes water as it hydrates to possibly hydrated forms of Brucite. • To raise the early Ph. • Increasing non hydraulic strength giving reactions • To reduce shrinkage. • The consequences of putting brucite through the matrix of a concrete in the first place need to be considered. • To make concretes more durable • Because significant quantities of carbonates are produced in porous substrates which are affective binders. Reactive MgO is a new tool to be understood with profound affects on most properties

33. Strength with Blend & Porosity Tec-cement concretes Eco-cement concretes High Porosity Enviro-cement concretes High OPC High Magnesia STRENGTH ON ARBITARY SCALE 1-100

34. TecEco cementitious composites represent a cost affective option for using non traditional aggregates from on site reducing transports costs and emissions use and immobilisation of waste. Because they have lower reactivity less water lower pH Reduced solubility of heavy metals less mobile salts greater durability. denser. impermeable (tec-cements). dimensionally more stable with less shrinkage and cracking. homogenous. no bleed water. Solving Waste & Logistics Problems TecEco Technology - Converting Waste to Resource

35. Eco-Cements • Eco-cements are similar but potentially superior to lime mortars because: • The calcination phase of the magnesium thermodynamic cycle takes place at a much lower temperature and is therefore more efficient. • Magnesium minerals are generally more fibrous and acicular than calcium minerals and hence add microstructural strength. • Water forms part of the binder minerals that forming making the cement component go further. In terms of binder produced for starting material in cement, eco-cements are much more efficient. • Magnesium hydroxide in particular and to some extent the carbonates are less reactive and mobile and thus much more durable.

36. Eco-Cements • Have high proportions of reactive magnesium oxide • Carbonate like lime • Generally used in a 1:5-1:12 paste basis because much more carbonate “binder” is produced than with lime MgO + H2O <=> Mg(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + H2O <=> MgCO3.3H2O 58.31 + 44.01 <=> 138.32 molar mass (at least!) 24.29 + gas <=> 74.77 molar volumes (at least!) • 307 % expansion (less water volume reduction) producing much more binder per mole of MgO than lime (around 8 times) • Carbonates tend to be fibrous adding significant micro structural strength compared to lime Mostly CO2 and water As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F., 2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”.

37. CO2 Abatement in Eco-Cements For 85 wt% Aggregates 15 wt% Cement Capture CO211.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions.25 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .140 tonne to the tonne. Portland Cements15 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate Emissions.32 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .299 tonne to the tonne. No Capture11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions.37 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .241 tonne to the tonne. Capture CO2. Fly and Bottom Ash11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions.126 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .113 tonne to the tonne. Eco-cements in porous products absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Brucite carbonates forming lansfordite, nesquehonite and an amorphous phase, completing the thermodynamic cycle. Greater Sustainability .299 > .241 >.140 >.113Bricks, blocks, pavers, mortars and pavement made using eco-cement, fly and bottom ash (with capture of CO2 during manufacture of reactive magnesia) have 2.65 times less emissions than if they were made with Portland cement.

38. From air and water Mg(OH)2 + CO2 MgCO3.5H2O Eco-Cement Strength Development • Eco-cements gain early strength from the hydration of PC. • Later strength comes from the carbonation of brucite forming an amorphous phase, lansfordite and nesquehonite. • Strength gain in eco-cements is mainly microstructural because of • More ideal particle packing (Brucite particles at 4-5 micron are under half the size of cement grains.) • The natural fibrous and acicular shape of magnesium carbonate minerals which tend to lock together. • More binder is formed than with calcium • Total volumetric expansion from magnesium oxide to lansfordite is for example volume 811%.

39. Eco-Cement Strength Gain Curve Eco-cement bricks, blocks, pavers and mortars etc. take a while to come to the same or greater strength than OPC formulations but are stronger than lime based formulations.

40. Chemistry of Eco-Cements • There are a number of carbonates of magnesium. The main ones appear to be an amorphous phase, lansfordite and nesquehonite. • The carbonation of magnesium hydroxide does not proceed as readily as that of calcium hydroxide. • Gor Brucite to nesquehonite = - 38.73 kJ.mol-1 • Compare to Gor Portlandite to calcite = -64.62 kJ.mol-1 • The dehydration of nesquehonite to form magnesite is not favoured by simple thermodynamics but may occur in the long term under the right conditions. • Gor nesquehonite to magnesite = 8.56 kJ.mol-1 • But kinetically driven by desiccation during drying. • Reactive magnesia can carbonate in dry conditions – so keep bags sealed! • For a full discussion of the thermodynamics see our technical documents. • TecEco technical documents on the web cover the important aspects of carbonation.

41. Eco-Cement Reactions

42. Eco-Cement Micro-Structural Strength

43. Carbonation • Eco-cement is based on blending reactive magnesium oxide with other hydraulic cements and then allowing the Brucite and Portlandite components to carbonate in porous materials such as concretes blocks and mortars. • Magnesium is a small lightweight atom and the carbonates that form contain proportionally a lot of CO2 and water and are stronger because of superior microstructure. • The use of eco-cements for block manufacture, particularly in conjunction with the kiln also invented by TecEco (The Tec-Kiln) would result in sequestration on a massive scale. • As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F., 2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”. Ancient and modern carbonating lime mortars are based on this principle

44. Aggregate Requirements for Carbonation • The requirements for totally hydraulic limes and all hydraulic concretes is to minimise the amount of water for hydraulic strength and maximise compaction and for this purpose aggregates that require grading and relatively fine rounded sands to minimise voids are required • For carbonating eco-cements and lime mortars on the on the hand the matrix must “breathe” i.e. they must be porous • requiring a coarse fraction to cause physical air voids and some vapour permeability. • Coarse fractions are required in the aggregates used!

45. CO2 Abatement in Eco-Cements For 85 wt% Aggregates 15 wt% Cement Capture CO211.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions.25 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .140 tonne to the tonne. Portland Cements15 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate Emissions.32 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .299 tonne to the tonne. No Capture11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions.37 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. approximately .241 tonne to the tonne. Capture CO2. Fly and Bottom Ash11.25% mass% reactive magnesia, 3.75 mass% Portland cement, 85 mass% aggregate. Emissions.126 tonnes to the tonne. After carbonation. Approximately .113 tonne to the tonne. Eco-cements in porous products absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Brucite carbonates forming lansfordite, nesquehonite and an amorphous phase, completing the thermodynamic cycle. Greater Sustainability .299 > .241 >.140 >.113Bricks, blocks, pavers, mortars and pavement made using eco-cement, fly and bottom ash (with capture of CO2 during manufacture of reactive magnesia) have 2.65 times less emissions than if they were made with Portland cement.

46. TecEco Cement LCA TecEco Concretes will have a big role post Kyoto as they offer potential sequestration as well as waste utilisation The TecEco LCA model is available for download under “tools” on the web site

47. Rosendale Concretes – Proof of Durability • Rosendale cements contained 14 – 30% MgO • A major structure built with Rosendale cements commenced in 1846 was Fort Jefferson near key west in Florida. • Rosendale cements were recognized for their exceptional durability, even under severe exposure. At Fort Jefferson much of the 150 year-old Rosendale cement mortar remains in excellent condition, in spite of the severe ocean exposure and over 100 years of neglect. Fort Jefferson is nearly a half mile in circumference and has a total lack of expansion joints, yet shows no signs of cracking or stress. The first phase of a major restoration is currently in progress. More information from http://www.rosendalecement.net/rosendale_natural_cement_.html

48. CO2 The TecEco Dream – A More Sustainable Built Environment CO2 OTHERWASTES CO2 FOR GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION PERMANENT SEQUESTRATION & WASTE UTILISATION (Man made carbonate rock incorporating wastes as a building material) MINING MgO TECECO KILN MAGNESITE + OTHER INPUTS TECECO CONCRETES RECYCLED BUILDING MATERIALS We need materials that require less energy to make them, that last much longer and that contribute properties that reduce lifetime energies “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”. Fred Pearce, New Scientist Magazine SUSTAINABLE CITIES

49. Sustainable Materials in the Built Environment - 2007 Technical Focus This Conference will focus on: • The impacts and connectivity of different parts of the supply chain. • Fabrication, performance, recycling and waste • New developments in materials and processes • Reviewing existing materials assessment tools • Future directions in regulation • Opportunities/barriers to introduction of sustainable materials and technologies in the building industry. • New materials and more sustainable built environments: the evidence? Joint Venture WebsitesASSMIC Website: www.aasmic.orgMaterials Australia Website: www.materialsaustralia.com.au