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Top Carnivore - Friend or Foe

Top Carnivore - Friend or Foe. Review where we are in the course Link to Wednesday lecture Exponential vs. linear growth Explore: Top Carnivore: Friend or Foe Food chains Food Webs Bioaccumulation Competitor or friend of conservation Readings: Yellowstone Story

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Top Carnivore - Friend or Foe

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  1. Top Carnivore - Friend or Foe Review where we are in the course Link to Wednesday lecture Exponential vs. linear growth Explore: Top Carnivore: Friend or Foe Food chains Food Webs Bioaccumulation Competitor or friend of conservation Readings: Yellowstone Story Lecture on Conservation Concept of Shrinking Expectations

  2. Course Context Population (# people) Air Resources Water Resources • Very simple diagram • Earth Systems • • Biosphere • • Hydrosphere • • Lithosphere • • Atmosphere Ecosystem Resources e.g., forests I. = P.A.T. Other (Non- Renewable) Resources e.g., oil Affluence (GDP/person) Technology (tons CO2/GDP)

  3. Yoram’s Final Two Statements“I am a technology realist”“That is why I think a carbon tax is needed” Vehicle fuel efficiency is target of proposed tax Cars blamed for global warming; Eyman fires back By BRIAN SLODYSKO P-I REPORTER February 7, 2008 OLYMPIA -- Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels and Sen. Ed Murray, D-Seattle, want car owners to warm to the inconvenient truth of cutting vehicle emissions.

  4. 10 Answer Now! Pick an option for your summer job (50 days) • $0.01, $0.02, $0.04, $0.08, etc. • $100.00, $100.00, $100.00, $100.00

  5. Outcome • Day 20: $100 person = $2000 ($100) • Day 20: Penny person = $10,486 ($5243) • Day 50: 11.259 trillion dollars

  6. Tom Hinckley 1968 Not freaking out 1968: Garrett Hardin freaks out

  7. Linear vs. exponential growth (or decay) • Exponential: Nt = Noekt • No - initial quantity • t - time • Nt - quantity after time to • k - constant • e - exponential function (e is the base of the natural log) • Linear: Nt = N0*t http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/~mmp/applist/decay/decay.htm

  8. Illustration/Reference With each time interval: Linear: increases by 2 (+ 2) Exponential: doubles (*2) Population Growth: Has been exponential Population Growth is a function of a number of parameters http://www.watersfoundation.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.main

  9. The parable of the lily pond: a test • 99th day • If lilies growing in a pond double every day, and on the 100th day they cover the whole pond, on what day do they cover half of the pond?

  10. Food Chains, Food Webs, Trophic Levels, Bioaccumulation • Obey 1st & 2nd laws of Thermodynamics • Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only its form can change. • Conversion of energy is inefficient • Main source of energy is the sun. • Role of biogeochemical cycles. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/FoodChains.html

  11. Detritus or Decomposition Chain 1 - 5% Compounds from Biogeochemical cycles Producers Trophic Pyramid Top Carnivores • Very simple diagram • 10% rule Omnivores Herbivores • Connections between levels: chain or web

  12. Food Web Example

  13. Bioaccumulation • As a consequence of energy flow through a food chain (i.e., you must eat a lot!), certain compounds can accumulate. • Examples • Fat soluble compounds • DDT • Tetra-ethyl lead • Methyl mercury • Dioxin • PCBs 160 19 10 8 .00001

  14. Foe “Killing sea lions will not save Columbia River salmon” By John Balzar Special to The Times February 7, 2008 Friend • Reading for Today • Wolves in Yellowstone & Cougars in Zion N Park • Grizzly or wolf as an umbrella species Top Carnivores: Friend or Foe

  15. Foe • • Shared space • • Status • • Fear • • Competition • • Food • • Space • • Example with sea lions

  16. 10 Answer Now! Which of the following statements is false. • Wolves were extirpated in 1926 • Beavers returned after wolves returned • Elk browsing increases aspens & willows • Rivers became incised with elk browsing • Wolves are carnivores & predators

  17. Impact is a trophic cascade! http://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/aspen/

  18. Visuals W.J. Ripple photographs, OSU

  19. Impact is a trophic cascade!

  20. Zion National Park, Utah

  21. Summary: Top Carnivores • Exponential vs. linear changes • First and second laws of thermodynamics • Energy from the sun • Biogeochemical Cycles • Food chains, webs, trophic cascades, bioaccumulation • Foundation for Conservation Biology • Fundamental changes in how we think!

  22. Current Condition or state Historical Condition or state Future Condition or state Concept of Shrinking Expectations Russell Jim

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