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POETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES. Lecture 12 NSU – 19-12-2018. POETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES.
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POETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES Lecture 12 NSU – 19-12-2018
POETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES Poetic expressive means and stylistic devices are aimed at producing a pleasant acoustic effect and arousing certain emotions of the reader or listener. They are based on the acoustic effect produced by the words and sentences.
Euphony Euphony is a combination of sounds producing a pleasant acoustic effect. It is achieved by alliteration, assonance, rhythm, rhyme and sound symbolism. Euphony is pleasing and harmonious, while cacophony is harsh and discordant.
Euphony / Alliteration • Alliteration is the recurrence of an initial consonant in two or more words, which either follow one another, or appear close enough to be noticeable. • This device is very widely used in English – more often than in other languages – due to the fact that words in Old English were stressed on the first syllable.
Euphony / Alliteration • Alliteration is the recurrence of an initial consonant in two or more words, which either follow one another, or appear close enough to be noticeable. • This device is very widely used in English – more often than in other languages – due to the fact that words in Old English were stressed on the first syllable.
POETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES • We can see it in poetry and prose, very often in titles of books, in slogans and in set phrases. Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant sound anywhere in a string of words, not just the initial sound as is in alliteration. • Some examples for alliteration • Set expressions • part and parcel, safe and sound, forgive and forget, bed and breakfast • Book Titles • Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (Ch. Dickens), The Last Leaf (O. Henry)
Euphony / Assonance • Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences, and together with alliteration and consonance serves as one of the building blocks of verse. • For example, in the phrase “Do you like blue?”, the [‘oo’ (ou/ue)] sound is repeated within the sentence and is assonant.
Euphony / Assonance • Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose. • Some examples for assonance • Pleased to meet you. Please, be seated. • I feel the need, the need for speed. • Hear the mellow wedding bells. (Edgar Allan Poe)
POETIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES • Sound Symbolism • Sound Symbolism is the use of words, the sounds of which imitate noises and sound produced in nature by machines, animals, natural phenomena.
Rhythm • Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. It is the pattern of interchange of strong (stressed) and weak (unstressed) syllables. • If there is no regularity of segments, the text is classified as prose, if segments recur periodically, the text is classified as poetry. Thus, the most distinctive feature of poetry is not the recurrence of rhyming words, but the rhythm – rhyme is typical, but not indispensable.
Rhyme • Rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry and songs. • The word “rhyme” may also refer to a short poem, such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes.
METRE • In poetry, the metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse meter, or a certain set of meters alternating in a particular order.
METRE • Prosody is a more general linguistic term, that includes poetical metre but also the rhythmic aspects of prose, whether formal or informal. • The scansion of a poem is the analysis of its metrical structure. • Metre gives systematization of English verse and rhythm determined by the relationship between the stressed and unstressed syllables.
METRE • The unit of measure of rhythm is called the ‘foot’. It is the smallest recurring segment of the line, consisting of one stressed syllable and one or two unstressed ones. • The structure of the foot determines the metre, i.e. the type of poetic rhythm of the line. There are five basic feet in English poetry:
METRE Trochee The foot consists of two syllables, the first one is stressed. (duty, evening, honey, pretty)
METRE Iambus The foot consists of two syllables, the second one is stressed. (mistake, enjoy, again, behind)
METRE Dactyl The foot consists of three syllables, the first one is stressed, the subsequent two are unstressed. (wonderful, beautiful, certainly, dignity)
METRE Amphibrach The foot consists of three syllables, the first one is unstressed, the second one is stressed, the third one is unstressed. (returning, continue, pretending, umbrella)
METRE Anapest The foot consists of three syllables, the first two are unstressed, the third one is stressed. (understand, disagree, interfere)
ENGLISH VERSIFICATION • 1. RHYME • 2. TYPES OF RHYME • 3. PATTERNS OF PHYME • 4. STRUCTURE OF VERSE. STANZA • A. The Ballad • B. The Spenserian Stanza • C. The OttavaRima • D. The Sonnet
1. RHYME • Rhyme is the second feature distinguishing verse from prose. It is the repetition of identical or similar final sounds of words. In poetry rhyme serves to bind lines together into large units. • The word “rhyme” can be used in a specific and a general sense. In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical; two lines of poetry rhyme if their final strong positions are filled with rhyming words. A rhyme in the strict sense is also called a perfect rhyme. Examples are sight – flight, deign – gain, madness – sadness.
1. RHYME With reference to the degree of similarity of sounds there are different rhymes: 1) full rhyme – the stressed vowels and consonants of the rhyming words are the same;
1. RHYME 2) imperfect, or incomplete, rhyme can be subdivided into: • vowel rhyme – when the stressed vowels coincide, and the consonants do not; • consonant rhyme – when the stressed vowels do not coincide, but the consonants are the same;
1. RHYME 3) eye-rhyme – the similarity of spelling of the stressed syllables and difference in pronunciation.
Rhyme full rhyme: duty – beauty; wonder – thunder vowel rhyme: flesh – fresh – press consonant rhyme: worth – forth; fur – four; turn – torn – tone eye-rhyme: love – prove; brood – flood
2. TYPES OF RHYME • A perfect rhyme – also called a full rhyme, exact rhyme, or – rhyme – is when the final part of the word or phrase sounds identically to another word. • Perfect rhymes can be classified according to the number of syllables included in the rhyme. • According to the structure of rhyme we can distinguish three different types: • 1) Masculine rhyme • 2) Feminine rhyme • 3) Dactylic rhyme
2. TYPES OF RHYME According to the structure of rhyme we can distinguish three different types: 1) Masculine rhyme – the last stressed syllables are rhymed together; 2) Feminine rhyme – the last two syllables are rhymed together, the 1st syllables are stressed; 3) Dactylic rhyme – the last 3 syllables are rhymed together, the 1st syllables are stressed.
2. TYPES OF RHYME Masculne and feminine rhymes are typical of the English poetry. As a rule it is single words that make a rhyme. These rhymes are simple. Sometimes, however, a word rhymes with a word-group. These rhymes are compound. simple rhyme: stone – alone – own compound rhyme: favourite – savour it; bucket – pluck it
3. PATTERNS OF RHYME According to the position of the rhyming lines a few typical patterns of rhyme are distinguished: • adjacent rhyme (aabb); • crossing rhyme (abab); • ring rhyme (abba).
3. PATTERNS OF RHYME • There are some features of traditional rhyming in the English poetry. One of them is the use of ‘eye-rhyming’. Properly speaking, they are not rhymes: the endings are pronounced quite differently, but the spelling of the endings is identical or similar (home – come, now – grow, woods – floods). • As mentioned above, rhymes usually occur in the final words of verse lines. • Sometimes, though, the final word rhymes with a word inside the line. This is called ‘innerrhyme’ (I am the daughter of earth and water (Shelley)). • Rhymeless lines are called ‘blank verse’.
4. STRUCTURE OF VERSE. STANZA • Stanza is the term which is very often used to refer to a certain number of poetic lines. • Stanza is any group of lines that is separated in the poem from other groups of lines. They do not always rhyme. • In print one can identify a separate stanza by a blank line before and after a group of lines.
4. STRUCTURE OF VERSE. STANZA • In most cases the stanzas in a poem share a common structure, that is, the same rhyme-scheme. • Two or more verse lines make a stanza (also called a strophe). It is characterized by a number of lines, type of metre, rhyming pattern. The main stanzas in English poetry are:
4. STRUCTURE OF VERSE. STANZA • 1. The Ballad Stanza • The Ballad stanza is a four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, most often found in the folk ballad. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme (an abcb pattern). Assonance in place of rhyme is common. • It consists of 4 lines; the 1st & the 3d lines are iambic tetrametres, the 2d and the 4th lines are iambic demetres; the rhyming pattern is abcb (abab);
4. STRUCTURE OF VERSE. STANZA • 2. The Spenserian Stanza • The Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. • It consists of 9 lines; 8 lines are of iambic pentametre, 1 line is of iambic hexametre; the rhyming pattern is ababbcbcc;
4. STRUCTURE OF VERSE. STANZA • 3. The Ottava Rima • The Ottava rima is a rhyming stanza form of Italian origin. It was originally used for long poems on heroic themes. Its earliest known use is in the writings of Giovanni Boccaccio. • It consists of 8 lines of iambic pentametre; the rhyming pattern is abababcc;
ENGLISH VERSIFICATION • 4. The Sonnet • The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term “sonnet” means “little song”. • It consists of 14 lines of iambic pentametre; the rhyming pattern is abba abba cde cde (Italian) abab cdcd efef gg (Shakespearean);
