Anatomy and Physiology

1. Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Michael Raucci Pine Bush Medical Academy

2. Abbreviations & Definitions Structures a – artery aa – arteries v – vein vv – veins n – nerve nn – nerves m – muscle mm - muscles Directional Vocabulary Ant – anterior – nearer the front Post – posterior – nearer the rear Lat – lateral – away from midline Med – medial – toward the midline Sup – superior – toward the head (up) Inf – inferior – toward the tail (down) Dist – distal – further from trunk or other stucture Prox – proximal – closer to trunk or other stucture Ext – external – outside Int – internal – inside Sup – superficial – near or on the surface Deep – further from the surface Ipsi – ipsilateral – on the same side of median line Contra – contralateral – on the opposite side of median line *yes, there are others but we will stick to these.

3. Anatomical Position • If you are looking at a picture then right is left and left is right

4. Anatomical Planes • Coronal Plane • Sagittal Plane • Transverse or Axial Plane

5. Body Positioning

6. Systems • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Respiratory • Cardiovascular • Endocrine • Integumentary • Digestive • Excretory • Lymphatic • Reproductive • Immune ?

7. Skeletal System – naming bones and knowing locations • Bones, cartilage and ligaments • The bones in your skeleton are alive

8. Ligaments – link and hold bones together. They also prevent excessive motion

9. Types and parts of Bone • Compact – hard outer surface • Spongy – inner trabeculated • Marrow inside the bone – stores fat and makes new red blood cells

10. Cartilage lines the surface of a joint and is the flexible material found in the ears and tip of the nose • Growth plates – cartilage surfaces which allow bones to grow in length. These close by age 15 in girls and 18 in boys

12. Fracture • Sprain • Bruise

14. Protuberances • Tuberosities • Origins • Insertions

15. Muscular System • Move bones – by contracting and relaxing • Maintain posture – continuously active • Squeeze and pump – assist the circulatory system • Very Important involuntary ones

16. 3 types of muscles • Smooth – digestive system – moves food and waste through the system via peristalsis. Uses predominantly involuntary muscles. • found within the "walls” of hollow organs; such as blood vessels, bladders, uteri. gastrointestinal tracts • Cardiac – found only in the heart – self excitatory • Skeletal – attached to the bones for movement

17. How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, there are no striations, and the musclefibers do not branch. Another good clue that this is smooth muscle is that when smooth muscle contracts, the nuclei take on a corkscrew appearance.

18. How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, striations are present, and there is branching of the muscle fibers. Several intercalated discs are indicated by the white arrow heads.

19. How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are peripheral, striations are present, and there is no branching of the muscle fibers. Even when you cannot visualize striations, the peripherally placed nuclei allow you to differentiate skeletal muscle from both cardiac and smooth muscle.

20. Muscle Definitions • Voluntary – under conscious control • Involuntary – work irregardless of thought • Tendons – strands of connective tissue located at the ends of muscle. Attach the muscle to the bone • Flexor – bend a part of the body • Extensor – straighten a part of the body • Muscle tone – a baseline contraction that a muscle maintains even during relaxation * Many muscles work in pairs (contraction & relaxation)

21. Movement Types • Flexion • Extension • Rotation • Lateral flexion • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction • Internal rotation • External rotation • Elevation • Depression • Distraction • Translation • Inversion • Eversion • Dorsiflexion • Plantar flexion • Pronation • Supination • Protrusion • Retraction

22. Growth • Muscles grow in length in response to a stretch. • Muscles grow in bulk in response to a need.

23. Injury • Muscle strain • Ruptured tendon • Overstretching or overuse • Overuse can be a singular event or a repetitive activity • Inflammation

24. Treatment • Ice or heat? • Immobilization or mobilization? R – rest I – Ice C – Compression E - Elevation

25. Steroids • Anabolic Steroids – powerful chemicals that resemble the male hormone testosterone. Damages: heart, liver, kidneys, testes in men, labido, hirsuitism in women, emotional instability. • It also happens to be cheating

27. Thigh

28. Superficial Anterior & Medial Thigh Muscles Iliacus O: iliac fossa and AIIS I: Lesser trochanter of hip A: Hip or trunk flexion N: femoral n & lumbar plexus Psoas O: TPs of L1-L5 & Lat bodies of T12-L4 I: Lesser trochanter of hip A: Hip or trunk flexion & hip ext. rot. N: ant. rami of L1-L4 Sartorius O: ASIS I: prox. med. tibia as pesanserinius A:  flexing, abduction and lateral rotation of hip, and flexion of knee N: femoral n. ant branch Gracillis O: pubic arch & symphysis pubis I: prox. Med. Tibial body as pesanserinius A: adduction

29. Superficial Anterior Thigh Muscles (Quadriceps) Rectus Femoris O: I: A: N: VastusLateralis O: I: A: N: VastusMedialis O: I: A: N: VastusIntermedius O: I: A: N:

30. Lateral Thigh Muscles Tensor Fascia Lata (TFL) O: I: A: N: Iliotibial Band (ITB) O: I: A: N:

31. Deep Anterior Thigh Muscles Adductor Group O: I: A: N:

32. Posterior Thigh Muscles • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus • Biceps Femoris

33. Medial Thigh

36. Leg Posterior: Gastrocnemius Soleus Achilles Tendon Anterior: Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitalis Longus

37. Foot

38. Arm

39. Forearm

40. Hand

41. Back Back

43. Neck

45. Buttocks and Pelvis

46. Abdominals

47. Chest

48. Head

49. Need to Know Muscles and Aponeuroses • Thigh • Quadriceps • TFL & ITB • Hamstrings • Leg • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Tibialis Anterior • Foot • Plantar Fascia • Arm • Rotator Cuff Group • Deltoid • Biceps • Triceps • Forearm • Flexors • Extensors • Hand • Buttock • Gluteus Maximus & others • Piriformis • Psoas • Back • LatissimusDorsi • Trapezius • Thoracic & Lumbar Paraspinals • Neck • SCM • Cervical Paraspinals • Suboccipitals • Occipital • Abdominals • Abdominus Rectus • AbdominusOblqus Group • Chest • Pectoralis Major • Head and Face • Temporalis • Masseter