Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost

1. Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost • were based on the economic theories of Alexander Solzhenitsyn • both made him a dynamic leader and brought about his downfall • were the acknowledged inspiration for the programs of Boris Yeltsin • alerted and frightened leaders of the Russian Jewish community • isolated the Soviet Union from the rest of the world

2. The 1991 coup in the Soviet Union • had the cooperation of Mikhail Gorbachev • was publicly opposed by Boris Yeltsin • was led by pro-democracy elements in the military • brought swift military support for Gorbachev from NATO • dramatically slowed the pace of change in the Soviet Union

3. Vladimir Putin • made Chechnyan independence an important priority of his administration • staged a coup and seized power from Boris Yeltsin • has increased freedom of the press • has virtually ended poverty in Russia • centralized political authority in his hands

4. In the aftermath of the 1989 revolutions, Eastern European states have • alternated between authoritarian systems and limited democracy • sought to integrate into Western European political and economic structures • continued in political and military alliances with Russia • seen little economic growth • not yet joined the United Nations

5. Election results from East Germany in 1990 demonstrated that • most people wanted to remain under communist control • support for the communists had disappeared entirely • voter apathy was just as prevalent there as in West Germany • only a few radical reformers favored the process of reunification • there was support for the unification policies of the Christian Democrats

6. After the fall of Communism in Yugoslavia, • Slobodan Milosevic sought to expel minorities from his Greater Serbia • Albanians sought to expel ethnic Bosnians from their provinces • the Dayton Accords brought an uneasy peace to the Balkans until 1999 • all references to the Tito regime were erased from school textbooks • Warsaw Pact nations were forced to intervene in order to prevent genocide

7. The war in Kosovo • began in 1991 • did not have the participation of the United States • was eventually won by Yugoslavia • was designed to ensure rights for ethnic Albanians • brought immediate independence for Kosovo

8. Parti Quebecois campaigned in French-speaking Quebec for • secession from the Canadian Union • separate trade agreements with the Canadian National Government • separate trade agreements with the United States • separate trade agreements with the French Government • border control of the Canadian Great Lakes region

9. Agricultural subsidies were provided for many European farmers through • NATO • NAFTA • the UN • the European Union • the World Trade Organization

10. The end of the Cold War • saw an end to most of the world’s major problems • could have easily happened in the 1950s if the United States had wanted it • left the world with only two superpowers • was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev • did not occur until several years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union

11. The September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States were carried out by • agents of the Iraqi government • Palestinian terrorists • Syrian militants • members of al-Qaeda • Afghani soldiers and supporters of the Taliban

12. After 1970, right-wing parties in Western countries found a popular issue in the • high costs of maintaining military defenses against Communism • continuing American military presence on the continent • large numbers of non-white immigrants flooding into their countries • declining quality of health care and environmental protection • rolling back immigration restrictions and requirements

13. All of the following statements about Islam in the early twenty-first century are true except • Muslims were unsuccessful in their attempts to establish communities in western Europe. • Fundamentalists called for a return to traditional Islamic values. • Militant Muslims favored aggressive actions against Western influence. • The Islamic population is growing in the western world. • Some Muslims consider fighting the west as part of the Holy Jihad.

14. Fundamentalism is a religious movement that • is confined to Christianity • struggles against many aspects of secular culture • rejects all involvement in politics • has been in decline since the end of World War II • originated in response to the sexual revolution of the 1960s

15. The global economy • fosters globalization • is essentially run by a handful of transnational corporations • hinders the development of multiculturalism • was more relevant in the 1980s than it is now • has little effect on the Earth’s environmental health