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Circadian rhythms and swimming performance

Greg Atkinson Chronobiology Research Group Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University. Circadian rhythms and swimming performance. Evidence for endogenous diurnal variation in swimming performance? “Optimising performance”: Jet-lag

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Circadian rhythms and swimming performance

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  1. Greg Atkinson Chronobiology Research Group Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Circadian rhythms and swimming performance

  2. Evidence for endogenous diurnal variation in swimming performance? “Optimising performance”: Jet-lag Morning ↓ performance: Overridden with warm-ups? Shifted with exercise, bright light and/or melatonin? Contents

  3. Swimming performances: morning heats vs evening finals Pyne et al. J Sports Sci 2004; 22: 613-620

  4. Controlled time trials  3.5% ↑2.5% Baxter and Reilly, Brit J Sports Med 1983; 17: 122-127

  5. Sleep Measuring endogenous component:Constant routines 38 37.5 Body temperature (°C) 37 36.5 36 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time of day (h) Edwards et al., Chronobiol Int 2002; 19: 579-597

  6. Awake Measuring endogenous component:Constant routines 38 37.5 Body temperature (°C) 37 36.5 36 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time of day (h) Edwards et al., Chronobiol Int 2002; 19: 579-597

  7. Semi-constant routine approach  2.3% Kline et al. J Appl Physiol102: 641–649, 2007.

  8. The underlying circadian system

  9. The working model Body clock Pineal gland Melatonin Retino- Hypothalamic tract Intergeniculate leaflet Vision Activity rhythm Light rhythm Outputs Waterhouse et al., Keeping in time with your body clock, Oxford University Press

  10. The working model Body clock Pineal gland Melatonin Retino- Hypothalamic tract Intergeniculate leaflet Vision Activity rhythm Light rhythm Masking Outputs Waterhouse et al., Keeping in time with your body clock, Oxford University Press

  11. Masking the body clock with a warm-up? 1560 Morning # * Afternoon 1520 * * 1480 * 1440 Performance time (s) 1400 1360 1320 1280 1240 Control Warm-up Atkinson et al. J Sports Sci 2005; 23: 321-329

  12. The working model Body clock Pineal gland Melatonin Retino- Hypothalamic tract Intergeniculate leaflet Vision Light rhythm Activity rhythm Waterhouse et al., Keeping in time with your body clock, Oxford University Press

  13. A ‘phase-response curve’ for exercise? Approx 4am Atkinson et al. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99: 331-341

  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Timing of morning exercise in the taper phase?  2% Edwards et al., Int J Sports Med 2005; 26: 651-656

  15. The working model Body clock Pineal gland Melatonin Retino- Hypothalamic tract Intergeniculate leaflet Vision Light rhythm Activity rhythm Waterhouse et al., Keeping in time with your body clock, Oxford University Press

  16. Phase-response curve for light Approx 4am Waterhouse et al. Neurosci Let 1998; 245: 97-100

  17. Evening bright light delays the body temperature rise Bright Light Atkinson et al., Int J Sports Med 2008; 29: 188-193

  18. The working model Body clock Pineal gland Melatonin Retino- Hypothalamic tract Intergeniculate leaflet Vision Light rhythm Activity rhythm Waterhouse et al., Keeping in time with your body clock, Oxford University Press

  19. Phase response curve for melatonin Approx 4am

  20. Melatonin is a hypnotic! M or P 11:15 Atkinson et al. Ergonomics 2005;48:1512-1522

  21. Dietary melatonin Hardeland and Pandi-Perumal, Nutr Metab 2005;2:1-15

  22. Good evidence for endogenous circadian variation in swimming performance Variation not completely ameliorated by warm-up interventions Timing of circadian rhythm might be manipulated by careful timing of reliable and safe synchronisers to circadian system Bright light Exercise Dietary melatonin? Summary

  23. It seems sensible to be exposed to bright light and take some exercise in the morning during the taper phase…………. Minimal exposure to evening bright light and exercise in taper phase Experimentation: Sleep deprivation (prior evening heats + early waking)? Timing of pre-race meals? Individual differences (chronotype)? Recommendations for optimizing morning performance

  24. Thanks to:Mike PeyrebruneClare ToddBen EdwardsDave BarrHelen Jones

  25. Is the circadian variation robust? Martin and Thompson, Int J Sports Med 2000; 21: 387–392

  26. Synchronisers of the human circadian system

  27. Measuring endogenous component:2. Temporal isolation Temporal Isolation Lab, Liverpool “Mammoth Cave”, Kentucky

  28. Synthesis of melatonin Atkinson et al., Sports Med 2003; 33: 809-831

  29. Swim bench performance  16% Reilly and Marshall J Swim Res 1991; 7: 11-13

  30. Is the circadian variation resistant to change? ↑ 1.1% Arnett, J Strength Con Res 2001; 15: 127-131

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