Latest Developments in Optical Remote Sensing Techniques for Sustainability Growth

1. Optical Remote SensingDevelopments and Opportunities for Environmental and Business Sustainability Russell Kemp678-388-1654rkemp@environcorp.com

2. Optical Remote Sensing:It’s All About the Spectrum Benzene Ethylene Carbon Dioxide Source: National Institute of Technology and Standards

3. Optical Remote SensingCategories of Tools

4. Differential Absorption LIDAR (“DIAL”) • Backscatter DIAL was developed by Shell and BP in the 1980s. • BP sold their system to Spectrasyne in 1992. • Shell sold their system to the UK National Physical Laboratory in 2002. • Spectrasyne has completed more than 150 surveys, most in Northern Europe. NPL has conducted a handful since refurbishing the Shell system. • Surveys conducted in North America: • Canadian refiner (2005) • Canadian oil sands production facility (2005) • BP and Oiltanking, Texas City (2007, 2009) • Houston Refining LP (2007) • Midwest landfill (2008) • Canadian coke oven battery (2008) • Shell Deer Park (2010) • Tonawanda Coke (2010) Source: Spectrasyne Ltd. Integration of two-dimensional concentration profiles with meteorological data to calculate mass emission rates Source: NPL

5. Airborne DIAL:ITT’s “ANGEL” Service Airborne Natural Gas Emission LIDAR Source: ITT Space Systems Division

6. Need Driven Applications Information on Individual Emission Sources (Time) IR Cameras DIAL – Detailed Short-Term Measurements Fenceline – Permanent Installations SOF, Mobile Point – Rapid Screening VRPM – Detailed Long-Term Measurements Number of Emissions Sources Surveyed (Space)

7. Fenceline Monitoring for Air Toxics • Fenceline, open-path FTIR monostatic instrument installed to monitor for 1,3-butadiene. • Monitoring is part of overall program to reduce butadiene emissions. • Fixed long-path (400 m) along production area boundary. • If concentration above threshold detected, instrument cycles through retroreflector mirrors placed at 100m intervals to help locate emission source. • Passive IR camera employed to pinpoint emission source that is then fixed. Source: IMACC

8. Vertical Radial Plume Mapping • Technique was developed at the University of Washington and they own the intellectual property rights. Licensing agreement is required to use VRPM. • EPA Other Technical Method 10 (“OTM-10) provides guidance on methodology. Only mass measurement ORS technique with a written EPA method. • Has been used with FTIR, DOAS and TDLS instruments. • Has been used to measure emissions from low-to-the-ground sources such as: • Landfills • Confined animal feeding operations • Superfund & Brownfield sites • Chlor-alkali plant • Phosphate processing plant • Refueling stations • Petroleum refinery process units • Chemical plants • Barges • Oil & gas production facilities • Can be installed to collect data over long periods of time.

9. OTM 10 Testing Configuration

10. Optical Remote Sensing:Findings are Changing the Approach to Air Quality Management • Upstream oil & gas: • Tank batteries maybe a large source of unreported / underreported hydrocarbon emissions. IR cameras are now being used routinely as part of regulatory inspections in some states. • Flares: • Difficult to test emissions conventionally. • Refineries & chemical plants: • ORS surveys indicate that overall emissions from tanks, wastewater treatment facilities, process fugitives, and delayed cokers are sometimes greater than what is estimated using accepted emission factors. • EPA is now specifying use of ORS in consent decrees and Section 114 ICRs, albeit on a limited basis: • Petroleum Refineries and Coke Oven Batteries • EPA seems interested in using ORS techniques to improve emission factors. • Currently developing a Guidance Document for using ORS

11. But what’s in it for me? • Ways to apply these technologies to save money directly through reduced product loss • Ways to apply these technologies to achieve savings via reduced compliance costs • Ways to potentially apply these technologies to “prospect”

12. Use of ORS to Direct Maintenance Activities • Spectrasyne testing of a refinery in Göteborg, Sweden, between 1988 and 1999. • Results were used to focus maintenance and turnaround activities. • Emissions declined by over 80% even though the refinery underwent a substantial expansion in the mid 1990s. • Lost production equated to approximately 3.1 million gallons per year. Assuming 80% of that was recovered as product valued at $2.50 per gallon, the market value is approximately $6,200,000 per year. • Assuming survey costs were $500,000, the simple payback period was 16 days.

13. LDAR Alternative Work Practice • Traditional Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) at chemical plants and refineries is extremely labor intensive • Quarterly measurement of leaks from thousands of components • IR-camera-based LDAR approved as an Alternative Work Practice to EPA Method 21 in December 2008 • Allows reduction in Method 21 frequency to annually • But still a manual method! • Next steps aim to move toward “standoff” monitoring with ORS to achieve even greater labor reductions

14. Other? • ENVIRON has helped clients refute TRI allegations of underreporting of fugitive emissions by doing ORS measurements of emissions difficult to directly quantify otherwise. • Methane, a potent GHG and potential fuel, is readily “visible” by ORS techniques • What about assessing the overall flux rate across landfills or other potential sources to determine and better refine the fuel generation potential from those sources? • Certainly a valuable technique for certifying emission reductions of GHG under the Clean Development Mechanism (International)