Wartime Conferences - WWII

1. Wartime Conferences - WWII

2. Casablanca ConferenceJanuary, 1943 • Roosevelt and Churchill decided to accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of Germany. • Plan to postpone D-Day and plan more immediate targets in Italy.

3. Teheran ConferenceNovember, 1943 • Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met and decided on creating a second front in France to be launched June 1944.

4. Yalta ConferenceFebruary, 1945 • Re-ordering of the map of Europe • To put an end to German militarism and Nazism • To punish war criminals and to exact reparations • To divide Germany into occupation zones • Confirmed Soviet possession of Eastern Poland compensating Poland with German territory • To assist countries under Allied occupation in forming democratically elected interim governments. • Announced a “conference of United Nations” to be held in San Francisco in April 1945

5. PotsdamJuly, 1945 • Roosevelt had passed away so new U.S. president Truman represented the USA. (Truman was openly anti-communist) • Established four power occupation zones for postwar Germany. • Established plans for the reordering of the German economy and German institutions. • Issued an ultimatum to Japan either to surrender or risk total destruction. The decisions made at these conferences resulted in the establishment of Soviet and Western Blocs that would form the basis of a tense rivalry following the war; ultimately this contributed to a period known as the COLD WAR

6. See Video Clip WHAT NOW? LIFE AFTER THE BOMB

8. To whatextent does ideological conflict shape international relations? • The Cold War (1945-1990) shaped the second half of the 20th century and it continues to have significant influence not only in international relations, but also in the citizenship and daily lives of people around the world • The Cold War, which followed the Second World War, was an all-out political, economic, and social struggle between the USSR and the USA—for not only victory over the other, but also for influence over other nations and around the world 1945: The Superpowers Emerge

9. Cold War Europe; Post WWII

10. Harry S. Truman April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953 Stalin1927 - March 5, 1953

11. When the war was over, the rivalrous US and USSR no longer had a common enemy to fight (Nazi Germany) and a reason to shelve their animosity, so resumed their conflict (ideological differences) with greater energy • the division of Germany (map provided later) • the Marshall Plan (400 million to Greece and Turkey) • the Truman Doctrine (13 billion to all war ravaged nations) •  Stalinization (satellite states as a buffer zone)

12. These 2 nations, were the only two nations to emerge from the Second World War stronger than before they entered it • They had mobilised their vast resources for maximum effect: building more weapons and placing more citizens under arms than ever before in either nation’s history ( the McCarthy investigations) • They had also expanded their territorial control and influence far beyond previous limits ...USA... Western Europe and USSR...Eastern Europe and Asia

13. Stalin saw postwar Soviet expansionism not only as a way to “command the world economy” but also for specific historical and geographical reasons: •  Stalin wanted to keep Germany divided: a strong, unified German had invaded Russia invaded twice already in the last century. When the US, Britain, and France pushed for unifying the German zones in order to help the general economic recovery of Europe, Stalin opposed the idea...at Potsdam... •  Stalin wanted to maintain or expand Soviet influence to surrounding nations, including Finland, Poland, and Romania, for its own safety.

14. MARCH 5, 1946 Former British P.M. Winston Churchill speaking at an American University warns that the nations of Central and Eastern Europe are being locked behind an “IRON CURTAIN”. Iron Curtain Speech - Churchill

15. The Iron Curtain and a divided Germany

16. How The Cold War Was Fought ARMS RACE: • Each side, through fear of the other built up and developed weapons in an effort to gain superiority. • DEFENCE SYSTEMS • In an attempt to reduce the possibility of a surprise attack defense systems were created. (i.e. NORAD) • North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) • is a joint organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning and control for North America. Founded in May of1953 as the North American Air Defense Command. • SPACE RACE • Military control in space. • ESPIONAGE • An information war is fought on both sides to gain secret information through spies.

17. ALLIANCES • Alliances are made with other countries. • NATO (1949) • USA • Canada • Western Europe • Warsaw Pact (1955) • USSR • Eastern Europe NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

18. FINANCIAL AID • Support of other countries was bought in the form of money or military equipment. • Marshall Plan (1948) • Economic aid given to Western European nations by the USA. • COMECON (1949) • Economic aid given to Eastern European nations by the USSR.

19. Expansionism and Containment • Expansionism—or the attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond the nation’s borders and allies—was what both the USSR and the US would practise until the end of the Cold War. At the end of World War II, the US and the Soviet Union began to establish their “spheres of influence” in Europe • For each of the superpowers, the answer to their fear was containment: the attempt to thwart another nation’s expansionism through means other than direct warfare

20. TRUMAN DOCTRINE (containment) • New American foreign policy (1947) • Keep the USSR contained and to stop the spread of communism. • Marshall Plan • NATO • Etc.

21. U.S announces “containment” Containment: The policy of keeping the expansion of a hostile power or ideology in check. This policy was used by the United States to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding beyond its borders beginning in the late 1940’s

22. What does this cartoon say...

23. What beliefs and values are represented in this cartoon?

24. Division of Germany • As Determined at the Yalta Conference, Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 zones (despite Berlin being located in the USSR zone). • Each zone was controlled by one of the Allies: • USA • Great Britain • France • USSR • USSR

25. The Division of Germany • Western powers (USA, GB, France) joined their zones together to form the Federal German Republic. (West Germany/BIZONIA) • Russians responded by turning their zone into the German Democratic Republic. (East Germany) • West Germany prospered under the Marshall Plan.

26. Berlin Blockade (1948) • Stalin was convinced this was a capitalist plot to eventually reunite Germany. In 1948 the USSR blocked all land routes into the western sector of Berlin. • The Soviet’s aim was to prevent the west from sending supplies to West Berlin causing West Berlin to fall under Soviet control.

27. BERLIN AIRLIFT • Allies did not want to use force • USA, Great Britain, & France fly into West Berlin and drop supplies from airplanes. • 13, 000 tonnes / day • One plane every 3 minutes • Airlift lasts one year • Stalin couldn’t shoot planes down and reopens Berlin to the Allies. • USSR needed atomic bomb to stand up to US.

28. Consequences of Blockade • To the Allies the blockade was proof of USSR intention to take over Western Europe. • Allies create NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • Stalin sees NATO as threat and creates Warsaw Pact (1955)

29. Read Pg 247-248 CREATE AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART IN YOUR NOTES

30. Deterrence • As a method of war—a Cold War, rather than a “hot war” of troops and battles—deterrence is a method of building up one’s capacity to fight such that neither opponent will fight because of the expected outcomes • After the 1945 bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the development of nuclear weapons by the Soviets in 1949, governments of the world knew that a “hot war” between the superpowers would mean a nuclear war, one that would kill not only the opponents but also the entire planet; thus, direct confrontation was avoided. • The term for this situation of an unwinnable, nuclear war is Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)

31. See Video Clip US develops H-Bomb Dwight D. Eisenhower January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 • In 1952 America developed an even stronger nuclear weapon called the H-Bomb. Soviet technology however followed suit and had one by 1953.

32. De-Stalinization Nikita KhrushchevSeptember 7, 1953 - October 14, 1964 • After Stalin died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev believed that with or without war communism would spread and started an era of De−Stalinization. This spelled an end to the role of large-scale forced labor in the economy, and was a major act promoting less tension.

33. Khrushchev calls for “peaceful co-existence” Cause: Khrushchev was the new leader, he won the power and carried out his policy of “de-stalinization” 1956 Feb: At 20th Party Congress, Khrushchev calls for peaceful coexistence with capitalism; admits possibility of different paths to socialism, revolution without violence; abandons doctrine of the inevitability of war Khrushchev expresses that capitalism will eventually bring itself to ruin; thus waging a war against capitalism was pointless. Consequence: the east and west, temporarily, had better relations

34. Hungarian Revolt (1956) • The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Communist government of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from October 23 until November 10, 1956. It began as a student demonstration which attracted thousands as it marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building. While they achieved some prisoner releases, they did not achieve a Soviet withdrawal. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union Video Clip

35. NON-ALIGNMENT • Non-alignment: position taken during the Cold War by those countries that did not form an alliance with either the USA nor the USSR. They pushed for more aid for the developing world. • Many countries wanted to choose their own ideologies and resented a history of colonization • At the Bandung Conference, held in Java, Indonesia, in 1955, 29 African and Asian countries met to promote economic and cultural cooperation • This was the beginning of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM); Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Ghana, Egypt, India, and Indonesia officially began NAM in 1961 • However, these countries were unsuccessful in trying to use their membership in the United Nations challenge the hegemony of the USA and USSR

36. Read Pg 253-254 “Canada in the Cold War” and “France’s Dissuasion Policy”

37. Sputnik • October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the very first satellite into space. This was huge at this time because not only did this prove the Soviets were winning the space race but had the upper hand on technology for warfare. • The fear in the USA was that Soviet spy capabilities had been increased, and the Soviet Union would be able to pinpoint missiles anywhere. Video Clip

38. Brinkmanship • Brinkmanship is the attempt to push a dangerous situation to the edge, to the brink—as far as possible without conceding anything to your opponent • The Cuban Missile Crisis was the best example of this during the Cold War

39. U-2 crisis (May 1, 1960) • The U–2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U–2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane, but was forced to admit it when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. • The Paris Summit (The East-West Summit), intended to be a diplomatic meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev, was cancelled. • The incident worsened East–West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

40. John F. Kennedy January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963

41. Cuba • 145 km of the US coast. • 1959 Communist Revolution in Cuba led by Fidel Castro. • USA is very wary of Cuba’s new communist government and growing ties with the USSR. • A brief trade battle ensued.

42. Cuba cont…. • Cuba nationalized all industry in Cuba. • All US business and interests in Cuba were lost. • US claimed they were stolen by Cuban govt. despite Cuba’s offer of compensation • US president Eisenhower agreed to help Cubans wishing to overthrow Castro. • In January, 1961 John F. Kennedy takes over as President and continues this promise.

43. BAY OF PIGS • April 1961, 1400 anti-Castro Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba to try and overthrow Castro. • Castro was ready with troops and artillery and stopped the threat. • HUGE American embarrassment

44. Bay of Pigs cont…. • Castro scared that Kennedy would help other rebellions asked Khrushchev for help, and Khrushchev sends weapons to Castro. • Kennedy worried about events keeps a close eye on Cuba.

45. The Berlin Wall • Many people living in East Germany were not as well off as West Germans and escaped into West Germany. • By July, 1961 approximately 10 000 East Germans were leaving per week. • 3 000 000 people had fled since 1945. • On August 12th, 1961, East German troops locked down the boarder between East Germany and West Berlin, essentially surrounding the city. • A second fence was later built inside East Germany, creating a no-mans land between the two barriers known as “The Death Strip”

47. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

48. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Americans discovered Russian missile bases being built in 1962. • President Kennedy ordered an American blockade (quarantine) of Cuba to stop Russian ships from carrying missiles into Cuba. • Kennedy then ordered Khrushchev to dismantle the missile bases immediately. • Any attack from Cuba would be treated as a direct attack on the USA by USSR and ordered 156 long range missiles aimed at the USSR to be ready to fire.

49. The Cuban Missile Crisis • On October 29, 1961 4 days after the blockade began Khrushchev “blinked first” and ordered the dismantling of all missile bases in Cuba. • President Kennedy called off the blockade and promised to leave Cuba alone.

50. During the Crisis, US president John F. Kennedy scribbled notes about the conflict.