Early Modern Middle East and Asia

1. Early Modern Middle East and Asia Mr. Stikes

2. SSWH11 Students will investigate political and social changes in Japan and in China from the seventeenth century CE to mid-nineteenth century CE. a. Describe the policies of the Tokugawa and Qing rulers; include how Oda Nobunaga laid the ground work for the subsequent Tokugawa rulers and how Kangxi came to rule for such a long period in China. b. Analyze the impact of population growth and its impact on the social structure of Japan and China.

3. JAPAN

4. Early Modern Middle East and Asia Russia England Holy Roman Empire Mongols You are here Rome Ottomans Japan Greece China Mesopotamia Moghals Egypt Aztec Maya India Olmec Ghana, Mali, Songhai Axum Bantu Inca

5. Geography of Japan • Four main islands • Hokkaido • Honshu • Shikoku • Kyushu

6. EMPEROR Tokugawa Shogunate • Changes in Society • Mobility? • 1586 – farmers tied to land • 1587 – only Samurai can carry sword • Feudal system eta

7. Samurai • Warrior Class • ~ 7% of population (2 of 30 million)

8. Samurai • Shogun – military leader, chief daimyo who controlled most of Japan • Daimyo – local lords given control of land by the Shogun in return for service DID YOU KNOW: Shogun was a title given by the Emperor of Japan. In theory, all land in Japan was owned by the Emperor and given out in return for support. However, in the Tokugawa Shogunate, the Emperor had little political power.

9. Samurai • Lower samurai – served as soldiers, policemen and bureaucrats in the government • Unemployed samurai (ronin) – lowest, soldiers for hire, teachers

10. Farmers • Mainly grew rice • Life was difficult • Labor-intensive

11. Rice • Cornerstone of economy • Farmers would have to give ½ their crop to their daimyo • Used to feed people, also to barter

12. Craftspeople & Merchants • Craftspeople higher in social scale than merchants due to Confucian teachings • Merchants had access to wealth • Difficulties? • Travel hard – no wheeled vehicles

13. Eta • Outside social system • Tanners, Animal disposal, etc. • Religious outcasts: • Buddhists – vegetarianism • Shinto – purification after touching dead things

14. “Warring States” Period • Unrest in Japan • Local leaders (daimyo) fighting each other • No powerful central government

15. Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) • Attempts to unify Japan under his rule • Ruthless • Mt. Hiei Monastery • Embraced Western culture • Christianity • Firearms • Ironclad warships • Assassinated by two of his generals

16. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) • Successor to Oda Nobunaga • Finishes political unification (1590)

17. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) • Made social classes hereditary • 1588: Sword Hunt • Only samurai could be armed • Tied farmers to their land (Taiko Land Survey 1583-1598) • Invaded Korea DID YOU KNOW: Both Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were born as poor peasants. Hideyoshi’s fear of others like him likely led him to making social classes hereditary.

18. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) • Relationship w/ West • Began as friend, gradually becomes strained due to political threats of Spain/Christianity • "Edict Prohibiting Forced Conversions“ • 1587 • Christianity denounced

19. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) • Relationship w/ West • "Edict of Expulsion“ • 1587 • Limits Jesuit missionaries • San Felipe (1596) • Shipwreck • Bickering between Jesuits and Franciscans leads to ban of Christianity, crucifixions. • 26 Martyrs of Nagasaki

20. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) • Finished work of unification • Battle of Sekigahara (1600) • Last opponents defeated • Established supremacy • 1603 – Made Shogun by the Emperor • Establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate DID YOU KNOW: Neither Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi achieved the title of Shogun. Instead, each was given the title of kampuku, or regent.

21. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) • Government centered at Edo • Becomes Tokyo • Required daimyos to spend time in Edo (sankin kōtai or alternate attendance) • Wives and children permanently in Edo, daimyos have to live their every other year • Attempt to keep others weakened & centralize power

22. Edo • Grows in stature • Largest city in world by 1721, over 1,000,000 people

24. Sakoku (Isolation) • Policy enacted by Tokugawa Iemitsu between 1633-1639 • Illegal for foreigners to enter the country • Notable exception – Dutch in Nagasaki permitted once per year • Illegal for Japanese to travel outside of Japan without specific permission • Lasts until middle of the 19th century

25. Summary Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) • Begins process of unification Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) • Builds structure of unified state Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) • Finishes process of unification

26. CHINA

27. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Known for arts: • The novel written in the vernacular, Wood-cut and block-printing, porcelain (blue & white) • Known for scholarship: • Dictionaries, encyclopedias • Built/repaired Great Wall DID YOU KNOW: The great Chinese explorer Zheng He explored the Indian Ocean during the reign of the Ming.

28. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) DID YOU KNOW: The name Ming means “brilliant” in Chinese. • Isolationism • China turned inward after Zheng He – limited size of ships & interaction with foreigners • Internal power struggles led to the Ming being conquered by the Manchu peoples from the north DID YOU KNOW: In 1421, the Ming Emperor Yong Le moved his capital to Cambaluc, renaming it Beijing. Beijing has remained the capital of China since then.

29. The Forbidden City in Beijing

30. Manchu The Dragon Throne of the Chinese Emperor

31. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • Chinese name for Manchu invaders that conquer the Ming • Beginning of dynasty marked by stability • 3 rulers ruled for 133 years • Strict separation of Manchu and Chinese • No intermarriage, 1 Manchu and 1 Chinese for major government jobs

32. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • Required Chinese men to dress as Manchus • Taxes lowered & infrastructure improved DID YOU KNOW: Qing means “clear” or “pure”

33. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • Chinese population more than doubled between 1600 and 1800 • from 150 million to 350 million • Agriculture became more diversified and more productive • Crops: Rice, cotton, silk • Internal trade made the Chinese economy strong, although it was isolated from the rest of the world

34. Contact w/ Europeans • Mainly kept around for scientific reasons • Did not gain widespread converts, although a sizable minority did convert

35. Kangxi (r. 1662-1722) • 8 years old when he comes to the throne • Attempts to stabilize China • Wins over elite society because he recruits scholars to come to his court

36. Kangxi (r. 1662-1722) Vase from Kangxi period

37. DID YOU KNOW: Kangxi initiated the writing of The Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings of Ancient and Modern Times. This massive work, first published in 1762, contains over 800,000 pages and over 100,000,000 Chinese characters documenting all Chinese writing that was known at the time, including both prose and poetry. Not surprisingly, this is the largest encyclopedia ever made. Seal of the Kangxi Emperor, Kangxi period 1662—1722. Sandalwood, with cord of yellow silk. The Palace Museum, Beijing.

38. Qianlong (r. 1736-1799) • Expands borders of China to their greatest extent Growth of China • Height of Qing dynasty politically and artistically DID YOU KNOW: We are told that Qianlong himself wrote over 40,000 poems and 1,300 works of prose

39. Qianlong (r. 1736-1799) • China as multiethnic • Han, Mongols, Tibetans, Manchus • Religious and Ethnic diversity • Problems today? • The “Universal Ruler” • Regarded himself as ruler of the world DID YOU KNOW: Qianlong ruled China at the same time George Washington was President of the United States

40. Qianlong Note the different ways in which he was presented to each group in his empire